Heterosexual romantic relationships, interpersonal needs, and quality of life in prison

The purpose of this study was to investigate the moderating effect of having vs. not having a and quality of life. In-person interviews were conducted with 55 male and 64 female inmates from the Topas Penitentiary (Spain). Higher levels of social loneliness and lower levels of sexual satisfaction were associated with lower levels of quality of life. In addition, the interaction between sexual satisfaction and romantic partner status was significant. Higher levels of sexual satisfaction were associated with higher levels of quality of life only for the group without a partner. These findings support a "bad is stronger than good" principle and indicate the detrimental aspects that can be associated with not having a satisfactory sexual life while incarcerated.     

Ambulatory group treatment for cocaine dependent patients combining cognitive behavioral therapy and motivational interviewing

Psychological interventions in cocaine dependent patients have demonstrated efficacy. Remarkable approaches are Contingency Management (CM) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Lack of treatment adherence is the most important limitation. Motivational Interview (MI) has been shown to be an adherence enhancer. The objective of this study is to evaluate retention and abstinence in a combined CM and CBT group treatment in patients who have reached maintenance stage according to Prochaska and DiClemente's transtheoretical model (1982). Therefore, a longitudinal study was carried out with cocaine dependent patients with or without concomitant mental health disease. A 12-session open group was conducted weekly. Nineteen patients were included (78.9% men, mean age 36.6 years), 95% consumed intranasally and 47% had another psychiatric comorbidity. Treatment retention was 84%. During treatment and the first month of follow-up, all patients remained abstinent whereas at three months, 3 patients relapsed. These data confirm that using combined CM and CBT group therapy in cocaine dependents undergoing maintenance treatment enhances adherence and is effective to achieve abstinence.     

Immigration and Occupational Mobility of Native Workers in Spain. A Gender Perspective

This paper studies the economic effect of immigration on native working conditions, focusing on the impact of the inflow of immigrant labour on occupational mobility among native workers. Basing on a gender-segmented labour market, we propose an extension of the model presented by Peri and Sparber American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 1(3), 135-169, (2009). The model controls for gender and time in order to check for potential differences in immigration effects associated with gender or immigrant length of residence. This research reveals the existence of such differences, by showing that female immigrant inflow has a greater positive short-term impact on occupational mobility among female unskilled native workers. In addition, the long-term study discloses a slight occupational assimilation of male immigrants towards employment patterns of male native workers and a permanent confinement of female immigrants in a few “niche jobs”.     

Reactive temperament traits and behavioural problems in children: the mediating role of effortful control across sex and age

This study examines the mediating role of effortful control between reactive temperament traits (negative affectivity and extraversion) and children’s internalizing and externalizing behavioural problems. The sample was composed of 424 non-clinical children from 3 to 6 years of age (60% male). Use of a structural equation model revealed effortful control-mediated relations between reactive temperament traits and behavioural problems. Nevertheless, uniquely and directly, negative affect predicted externalizing problems and extraversion predicted internalizing problems. Assessment of invariance by children’s sex showed that the mediating role of effortful control tends to be stronger for externalizing problems in boys than in girls. Results showed no significant age differences. According to these results, effortful control as a method of self-regulation seems to be an essential process through which reactive temperament traits affect a child’s psychological adjustment.     

Learning to teach through video playback: student teachers confronting their own practice

The aim of this study was to examine the use of video playback with student teachers to promote teacher learning and to analyse patterns of reflection. A total of 14 student teachers video recorded their lessons in the practice setting and later confronted their performance, facing their videotaped lesson during the course of an interview with their university supervisor. The interviews were then transcribed and coded. Our results indicate that video playback facilitates student teacher learning and that the quality of reflection ranges from routine to dialogic. This suggests that further research into how to elicit higher levels of reflection is needed. The role of the supervisor in promoting deeper thinking should be further examined.     

Determinants of Quality of Life in Pre-Frail Older Adults According to Phenotypic Criteria: the VERISAUDE Study

Frailty is a dynamic clinical syndrome considered as part of an age-associated continuum of severity, including pre-frailty as an intermediate frailty status with potential reversibility to robustness. The main purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between the different domains of quality of life, functional dependence and depressive symptomatology in older adults diagnosed as pre-frail, before progression to frailty occurs. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine whether sex, age, level of education and scores in the Geriatric Depression Scale 15-item Short Form (GDS-SF) and the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Lawton scale determine the worst score in the WHOQOL-BREF (World Health Organization Quality of Life) in older adults meeting one or two frailty phenotypic criteria. Depressive symptomatology (GDS-SF score) was the main determinant of poor quality of life in both groups, and in all areas of WHOQOL-BREF. Age was only associated with poor satisfaction with own health. Female sex and low educational level were linked to low physical QOL and poor self-rated health, respectively, but only in older adults meeting one frailty criterion. Association between functional status and WHOQOL-BREF scores was only found in the univariate analysis. These results underline the importance of identifying multiple aspects, but mainly the presence of depressive symptomatology, as risk factors for all dimensions of quality of life in the pre-frailty process, where interventions might be targeted to reduce the progression of pre-frailty and frailty in older adults.     

The functioning of central categories Middle Level and Sometimes in graded response scales: does the label matter?

The present study evaluates the extent to which central categories explicitly labeled as being in the middle of the other response categories, specifically Middle Level and Sometimes, function as expected according to the integer scoring system. The assumptions are tested by means of Bock's Nominal Model in two 5-response scales. Results show that the assumption of the ordering of the response categories is met for all the items. The ordering of thresholds is satisfied for all but one item with the central category Middle Level . Results are compared with those obtained when middle categories are not explicitly labeled as being in the middle of the other response categories, as in the case of Not Sure , Undecided or?     

Longitudinal study of quality of life in acquired brain injury: A self- and proxy-report evaluation

Background/ObjectiveAfter an acquired brain injury (ABI), the person remains with several impairments and disabilities that cause a decrease in his/her quality of life (QoL), which could change over time. The objective of the study was to analyse the evolution patterns of QoL in a sample of persons with ABI for one-year as well as the differences in proxy- and self-report versions of a QoL instrument. Method: The sample comprised 402 persons with ABI with ages ranging between 18 and 91 years, whom 36.20% had had the accident recently (i.e., three years or less). Patients, professionals and relatives responded at three evaluation points to the CAVIDACE scale, an ABI-specific QoL tool. Results: ANOVAs showed an improvement in QoL in the two follow-ups; the improvement was especially significant in the period between baseline and six months. The respondent factor did not interact with the evaluation time, but significant differences were found between respondents, with scores of patients higher than that for proxies. Finally, the QoL’s evolution interacts with the time elapsed since injury, showing significant improvements in the most recent group (i.e., three years or less). Conclusions: QoL must be considered from the earliest moments after ABI to obtain more significant improvements.     

Subjetividad,coherencia, contexto y estilo en la comprensión de un discurso complejo

Resumen

Con objeto de profundizar en algunos aspectos que hacen de la perspectiva textual un factor de la coherencia del discurso, se consideró la posibilidad de que, cuando concurre una alta complejidad retórica, la manipulación de la identidad del enunciante afectaría a la comprensión de los Ss, siempre que se mantuviera la facilitación contextual.

Para probar esta hipótesis se elaboraron dos diseños experimentales. En el primero, un factorial 3 x 2, en el que los materiales eran fragmentos narrativos, se emplearon como medidas las respuestas a un cuestionario de comprensión, los tiempos de lectura, los tiempos de reacción a los ítems del cuestionario, el tiempo de demora en la respuesta, la valoración de la dificultad del texto y la atribución de textualidad. En el segundo diseño se presentaron, a tres grupos seleccionados al azar, frases independieras y aleatorizadas tomadas de los fragmentos del diseño anterior. En este caso se registraron las tres medidas temporales ya mencionadas y la identificación del enunciante. En total participaron 216 estudiantes de 3.° de BUP, mitad hombres y mitad mujeres, cuyas edades oscilaban entre dieciséis y veinte años. En ambos casos los aparatos empleados fueron una llave vocal conectada a un proyector de diapositivas, cuyo flujo era controlado por un programador de secuencias temporales con resolución de milisegundos.

En el primer diseño nuestra hipótesis se confirmo (α-.01) para uno de los grupos (Facilitación contextual y constancia de la identidad del enunciante), al tiempo que la demora covarió con la atribución de textualidad (α =.01 y α=.05, según los grupos). En el segundo diseño no se encontraron diferencias significativas. Estos resultados son interpretados como indicios de la existencia de esquemas estilísticos. Además se discuten distintos aspectos de la función pragmática del estilo y de las características de su procesamiento.     

Influencia del tipo de estimulación en el desarrollo de la automaticidad en las tareas de búsqueda visual

Resumen

En este trabajo, tratamos de comparar el desarrollo de la automaticidad en tareas de búsqueda visual cuando se utiliza como estimulación material familiar y no familiar para el sujeto. Los estímulos no familiares empleados eran equiparables a los caracteres alfanuméricos, únicamente se diferenciaban en el grado de familiaridad. Analizamos si se alcanzan los mismos niveles de automatización en ambos casos, y si los factores que afectaban el desarrollo de la automaticidad eran los mismo. Para ello, diseñamos la misma tarea con estimulación familiar y no familiar, y consideramos los diferentes niveles de consistencia y discriminabilidad. Una vez obtenidos y analizados los resultados encontramos que en ambos casos se alcanzaban los mismos niveles de automatización, aunque cuando el material no era familiar se precisaba mayor cantidad de entrenamiento. Además, en este caso, los aspectos perceptivos como la discriminabilidad entre los objetivos y los distractores incidía en el desarrollo de un procesamiento en paralelo.