Type A behaviour,financial performance and organizational growth in small business firms

Eight hundred randomly selected members of the Smaller Business Association of New England were mailed the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS) and a biodata questionnaire. A total of 368 chief executive officers completed both instruments, representing a response rate of 46***.0 per cent. Based on the JAS, 82 per cent of the respondents were characterized by the Type A or coronary-prone behaviour pattern. Corporate performance was plotted against Type A and B scores. Firms run by Type As showed a higher return on investment and greater five-year growth in sales revenue than firms run by Type Bs, but this pattern was found only for the Job Involvement subscale.     

Procedural dependence in action memory: Effects of verb form and individual vs group conditions

Two experiments explored whether the magnitude of the enactment effect in action memory (i. e., higher recall with motor than with non-motor encoding) may depend upon the use of individual or group testing procedures. Nonmotor encoding instructions, requiring the subjects to listen to orally presented action items, were compared to instructions which also required enactment. With encoding treated as a within-subject factor, the observations failed to reveal any significant difference between individual and group testing. With encoding treated as a between-subject factor, the results showed an interaction between test and encoding conditions, such that an enactment effect was found only with group testing. Different support value for auditory cues in group and individual test situations was assumed to account for this difference. In a third experiment the indicative and imperative verb forms were compared. An interaction was observed, showing that in Norwegian, enacted verbs were remembered better when presented in the indicative than in the imperative. No corresponding difference was found under non-enactment conditions. For this finding, a social interaction interpretation was offered.     

Toward a psychological cost-benefit model for educational and vocational choice

The usefulness of cost-benefit models for analyzing the individual's educational and occupational choice is discussed, with the choice after high school graduation as an example. As a background, the economic approach linked to the human capital concept is described as well as the use of cost-benefit analysis within this framework. Cost-benefit analysis is then discussed as a possible model within the area of educational and occupational choice. First, the traditional, strictly economic model is analyzed and criticized. A psychological economic alternative is proposed which, in contrast to the economic model, is based on the individual's perceptions and expectations regarding costs and benefits. As a third step, a purely psychological cost-benefit model is suggested, where the cost and benefit concepts are broadened to include all types of personal sacrifices and rewards. This model is regarded as more realistic for the individual's career choice than the economic prototypes.     

Sex-related differences in socio-political ideology

The study was directed towards uncovering differences in socio-political ideology between males and females. The subjects consisted of 532 Swedish high school students from metropolitan Stockholm. All subjects were from the same grade and of approximately the same age (18 years). The results failed to disclose any significant differences in the political party preference of males and females. However, there were a number of statistically significant differences in the socio-political attitudes of males and females as measured by the S5 Conservatism Scale. Females were found to be less generally conservative, less racist, pro-western, punitive and more religious and egalitarian than males. Despite certain ideological differences between males and females, the socio-political attitude profiles and the attitude structures, as measured by profile and factor analyses, were quite similar for males and females. The results are discussed in terms of four schools of thought concerning the sources of sex-related differences in political style.     

The invariance of asymmetric cross-modal transfer effects

Cross-modal transfer as a function of the amount of first modality training was investigated in two experiments. Subjects learned to associate numbers with three-dimensional objects which were presented either visually or tactually. After training in one of the modalities, the transfer was tested in the other modality. In the first experiment the transfer was tested after different number of trials of training and in the second experiment it was tested after different levels of overlearning. Transfer in the tactual-visual order was superior to transfer in the visual-tactual order in all training conditions, and the magnitude of the effect was the same. The results suggest that learning factors such as amount of training are of minor importance as causes to the asymmetry between these modalities and that it may be more fruitful to concentrate on perceptual factors.     

彩色多普勒超声在人工动静脉内瘘并发症中的临床决策评价

由于血液透析的广泛应用,尿毒症患者的生存时间显著延长. 建立并保持良好的血管通路是长期慢性血液透析的前提条件.彩色多普勒超声作为一种无创性检查方法,在人工动静脉内瘘血管通路的监测中发挥着重要的临床价值.本文评估彩色多普勒超声在人工动静脉内瘘并发症临床决策中的重要作用.