Manipulations of start and food locations affect navigation on a foraging task

Rats were able to search multiple food cups in a foraging task and successfully return to a fixed, but not a variable, start location. Reducing the number of food cups to be searched resulted in an improvement in performance in the variable start condition. Performance was better when only one or two food cups had to be visited but was still impaired if the food was not found in the first cup searched. Variable start locations impaired performance when only one food cup had to be searched, if that cup was moved over the table. These findings suggest that there is an interaction between memory processes and the navigational processes that allows an animal to return to its start location after a foraging trip. It appears that a fixed location for the food or the start point of a foraging trip is a necessary precondition for accurate performance.     

INDONESIAN MANAGERS,TODAY AND TOMORROW

The Indonesian people are from a variety of ethnic and racial backgrounds, each with its own cultural heritage, and socio-cultural manifestations. Three main cultural levels can be distinguished: the ethnic-regional, the regional-national, and the national-international level. The managers belong to the last level where intensive interchanges take place between the ‘national’ values and the ‘international’ values. Research results show a typical profile of the Indonesian managers who also share the same characteristics of successful managers in other countries. In an ever-changing environment, the Indonesian managers today, should possess not only characteristics unique to Indonesians, but also those of their counterparts in other countries in order to be effective.