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1.
This article reports an experiment to investigate the idea that time-of-day differences in memory for text are related to
type of text processing that is carried out at different times of day. In particular, it was hypothesized that subjects tested
in the morning tend to retain more of the exact wording of the text, whereas those tested in the afternoon are more likely
to produce a meaning-based representation. The results of a recognition test showed that, in agreement with other studies,
immediate text memory is better in the morning than in the afternoon. As predicted, the subjects tested in the morning better
remembered the exact wording of the original passages. However, the idea that memory for meaning is better in the afternoon
than the morning was not supported by the data. The results suggest that subjects at both times of day produce a meaning-based
representation of the text but, in the morning, this representation is supported by good verbatim memory, enabling accurate
recall of the text at that time. 相似文献
2.
Emery J. Cummins 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1966,44(6):624-627
This study was conducted in an attempt to identify affective characteristics which distinguish between disciplinary and nondisciplinary students. The measures employed were the Inventory of Beliefs, Rokeach's Dogmatism Scale, and the Differential Values Inventory. A control group, matched on the basis of college aptitude score and socio-economic status, was selected with which to compare the disciplinary group. Male and female scores were analyzed separately. The writer hypothesized that disciplinary offenders would tend to be more flexible, less dogmatic, and hold more emergent value systems than non-offenders. In each case except one the hypotheses were rejected. Female offenders differed significantly from non-offenders with regard to value orientation in the direction predicted. 相似文献
3.
The way in which therapeutic models and language have been dravm upon to provide support for concepts of human flexibility and 'human resource development' in the enterprise culture ofthe 1980s and 1990s is described. The use ofhumane managerial rhetoric to mask the practice of increasingly ruthless public and private-sector organisations, and the dilemmas posedfor counsellors operating within these kinds of institutional settings, are examined. 相似文献
4.
Florence W. Kaslow PhD Kjell Hansson PhD Anne-Marie Lundblad MA 《Contemporary Family Therapy》1994,16(6):521-537
This international, five-country long term marriages study of couples who have been married, or unmarried and cohabiting, for 20 years or longer is designed to study, among other things, marital satisfaction. This first report of the Swedish part of the study reports on a Swedish version of the self-rating Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) used to investigate self-rated marital satisfaction. The couples describe high marital satisfaction and a high sense of coherence (SOC) compared to other groups. Contrary to other studies, no differences were found between men and women regarding SOC. The differences between them, that describe high relative to low marital satisfaction, pertain to matters of recreation, sex, life philosophy, time spent together, and frequency of quarrels. The men reported greater marital satisfaction than the women. 相似文献
5.
In two experiments, a concurrent discrimination paradigm was used to study the effects of visual attention on psychophysical judgments and the consistency of these effects with a sample-size model in which attention influences the variance of the internal representation used to make psychophysical judgments. Two pairs of lines were presented simultaneously—one on each side of fixation—and subjects had to indicate for each pair separately whether or not the lines had the same length. Attention was manipulated by instructing subjects to pay 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, or 0% of their attention to the discrimination on one side, with the complementary amount of attention to the other side. In the first experiment, the relationship between attention and discrimination accuracy was consistent with the sample-size model both when attentional allocation varied from trial to trial and when it varied between blocks, and the relationship held over more widely varying attentional allocations than had previously been studied. In addition, discriminations were more accurate overall with varied than with blocked attentional allocation, suggesting that the two types of allocation do not merely differ in the degree to which attention is focused. The second experiment examined the effects of attentional allocation and stimulus variance, the latter being manipulated by randomly incrementing or decrementing line lengths. These manipulations had additive effects on total Thurstonian variance, and a version of the samplesize model gave an excellent quantitative fit to the obtained results. Besides supporting the samplesize model, the results of Experiment 2 suggest that criterion variance is at least as large as sensory variance and that criterion but not sensory variance increases with stimulus variance. 相似文献
6.
7.
Conditional reasoning and causation 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
An experiment was conducted to investigate the relative contributions of syntactic form and content to conditional reasoning. The content domain chosen was that of causation. Conditional statements that described causal relationships (if mean value of cause, then mean value of effect) were embedded in simple arguments whose entailments are governed by the rules of truth-functional logic (i.e., modus ponens, modus tollens, denying the antecedent, and affirming the consequent). The causal statements differed in terms of the number of alternative causes and disabling conditions that characterized the causal relationship. (A disabling condition is an event that prevents an effect from occurring even though a relevant cause is present). Subjects were required to judge whether or not each argument's conclusion could be accepted. Judgements were found to vary systematically with the number of alternative causes and disabling conditions. Conclusions of arguments based on conditionals with few alternative causes or disabling conditions were found to be more acceptable than conclusions based on those with many. 相似文献
8.
9.
Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology - Guild and colleagues (this issue) report results of a long-term follow up after a randomized trial of the effectiveness of an... 相似文献
10.
Rumination is commonly considered detrimental to forgiveness. In contrast, we propose that different forms of post-transgression thinking are differentially effective for forgiveness, depending on their timing. Concrete thinking focuses on event details, whereas abstract thinking abstracts from details and views the event in a broader context. Following construal level theory, we propose that concrete thinking is increasingly ill-matched, and abstract thinking better matched, to the construal abilities and motivation afforded by psychological distance. Hence, over time, concrete thinking would be negatively, and abstract thinking positively, associated with forgiveness. Two correlational recall studies, with time since transgression measured (Study 1) or manipulated (Study 2), demonstrated that with greater temporal distance concrete thinking was more negatively, and abstract thinking more positively, related to forgiveness. Study 3 employed a prospective-longitudinal methodology over five time-points; intra-individual decrease in concrete thinking and increase in abstract thinking over time were related to higher levels of forgiveness. 相似文献