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The word length effect is the finding that short items are remembered better than long items on immediate serial recall tests. The time-based word length effect refers to this finding when the lists comprise items that vary only in pronunciation time. Three experiments compared recall of three different sets of disyllabic words that differed systematically only in spoken duration. One set showed a word length effect, one set showed no effect of word length, and the third showed a reverse word length effect, with long words recalled better than short. A new fourth set of words was created, and it also failed to yield a time-based word length effect. Because all four experiments used the same methodology and varied only the stimulus sets, it is argued that the time-based word length effect is not robust and as such poses problems for models based on the phonological loop. 相似文献
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Aimée M. Surprenant Susan L. Hura Mary P. Harper Leah H. Jamieson Glenis Long Scott M. Thede Ayasakanta Rout Tsung-Hsiang Hsueh Stephen A. Hockema Michael T. Johnson Pramila N. Srinivasan Christopher M. White J. Brandon Laflen 《Behavior research methods》1999,31(4):638-649
Ratings of familiarity and pronounceability were obtained from a random sample of 199 surnames (selected from over 80,000 entries in the Purdue University phone book) and 199 nouns (from the Ku?era-Francis, 1967, word database). The distributions of ratings for nouns versus names are substantially different: Nouns were rated as more familiar and easier to pronounce than surnames. Frequency and familiarity were more closely related in the proper name pool than the word pool, although both correlations were modest. Ratings of familiarity and pronounceability were highly related for both groups. A production experiment showed that rated pronounceability was highly related to the time taken to produce a name. These data confirm the common belief that there are differences in the statistical and distributional properties of words as compared to proper names. The value of using frequency and the ratings of familiarity and pronounceability for predicting variations in actual pronunciations of words and names are discussed. 相似文献
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Tamra J. Bireta Sheena E. Fry Annie Jalbert Ian Neath Aimée M. Surprenant Gerald Tehan Georgina Anne Tolan 《Memory & cognition》2010,38(3):279-291
Working memory was designed to explain four benchmark memory effects: the word length effect, the irrelevant speech effect, the acoustic confusion effect, and the concurrent articulation effect. However, almost all research thus far has used tests that emphasize forward recall. In four experiments, we examine whether
each effect is observable when the items are recalled in reverse order. Subjects did not know which recall direction would
be required until the time of test, ensuring that encoding processes would be identical for both recall directions. Contrary
to predictions of both the primacy model and the feature model, the benchmark memory effect was either absent or greatly attenuated
with backward recall, despite being present with forward recall. Direction of recall had no effect on the more difficult conditions
(e.g., long words, similar-sounding items, items presented with irrelevant speech, and items studied with concurrent articulation).
Several factors not considered by the primacy and feature models are noted, and a possible explanation within the framework
of the SIMPLE model is briefly presented. 相似文献
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Fréaadéric Slama MD Bénédicte Dehurtevent MD Jean‐Daniel Even MD Aimé Charles‐Nicolas MD Nicolas Ballon MD PhD Rémy Slama MD 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2008,38(6):720-727
Research on vulnerability factors among ethnic groups, independent of primary psychiatric diagnosis, may help to identify groups at risk of suicidal behavior. French African Caribbean general psychiatric patients (N = 362) were recruited consecutively and independently of the primary psychiatric diagnosis. Demographic and clinical characteristics and lifetime history of suicide attempts were recorded. Sixty‐five patients (18%) had a history of at least one suicide attempt. Presence of professional qualifications, children, poor social contacts, treatment with benzodiazepine at inclusion, and poor treatment compliance were all associated with a lifetime history of suicide attempts. 相似文献
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Predictors of childhood trajectories of overt and indirect aggression: An interdisciplinary approach
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The distinctiveness of the word-length effect 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Hulme C Neath I Stuart G Shostak L Surprenant AM Brown GD 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2006,32(3):586-594
The authors report 2 experiments that compare the serial recall of pure lists of long words, pure lists of short words, and lists of long or short words containing just a single isolated word of a different length. In both experiments for pure lists, there was a substantial recall advantage for short words; the isolated words were recalled better than other words in the same list, and there was a reverse word-length effect: Isolated long words were recalled better than isolated short words. These results contradict models that seek to explain the word-length effect in terms of list-based accounts of rehearsal speed or in terms of item-based effects (such as difficulty of assembling items). 相似文献
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Abolishing the word-length effect 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Hulme C Suprenant AM Bireta TJ Stuart G Neath I 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2004,30(1):98-106
The authors report 2 experiments that compare the recall of long and short words in pure and mixed lists. In pure lists, long words were much more poorly remembered than short words. In mixed lists, this word-length effect was abolished and both the long and short words were recalled as well as short words in pure lists. These findings contradict current models that seek to explain the word-length effect in terms of item-based effects such as difficulty in assembling items, or in terms of list-based accounts of rehearsal speed. An alternative explanation, drawing on ideas of item complexity and item distinctiveness, is proposed. 相似文献