Lasso回归：从解释到预测

传统的最小二乘回归法关注于对当前数据集的准确估计, 容易导致模型的过拟合, 影响模型结论的可重复性。随着方法学领域的发展, 涌现出的新兴统计工具可以弥补传统方法的局限, 从过度关注回归系数值的解释转向提升研究结果的预测能力也愈加成为心理学领域重要的发展趋势。Lasso方法通过在模型估计中引入惩罚项的方式, 可以获得更高的预测准确度和模型概化能力, 同时也可以有效地处理过拟合和多重共线性问题, 有助于心理学理论的构建和完善。     

Revisiting the factor structure of the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory

The original Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory, used to measure innovative (as opposed to adaptive) individual cognitive styles, has been reported to have three factors: Sufficiency of Originality, Efficiency, and Rule/Group Conformity. In exploring the construct validity of the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory, findings from a 2003 study by Im, Hu, and Toh showed the existence of two subdimensions of the Sufficiency of Originality factor-Idea Generation and Preference for Change. In this study, using a sample of 356 household participants, with an average age of 56.0 yr. (SD = 14.0), average income of dollar 39,700 (SD = dollar 19,200), and average of 15.0 yr. of education (SD = 2), from the Arkansas Household Research Panel, we conducted factor analyses. The results specific to our selected sample indicate that a four-factor model recognizing the two subdimensions of Sufficiency of Originality has a better fit than the original three-factor model.     

Body image perceptions among Chinese children and adolescents

In order to investigate the body image self-perception and the prevalence of body dissatisfaction among Chinese children and adolescents, 9100 children aged 3-15 years living in four cities completed a questionnaire assessing body image self-percepts and ideals by figural stimuli. The results indicate that (1) children's body ratings started to be significantly related to their BMIs at age 5 and correlations increased with age; (2) a wide range of current body sizes was chosen by Chinese boys and girls; (3) the ideal body sizes of boys and girls selected by boys and girls, respectively, were "boys by boys">"boys by girls">"girls by boys">"girls by girls" and (4) the satisfaction, mild dissatisfaction, and moderate dissatisfaction rates were 40.1%, 36.4% and 23.5%, respectively. Differences as a function of gender and age were identified. It was concluded that the prevalence of body dissatisfaction among children and adolescents of urban China was striking, and that the Chinese boys were not immune to body dissatisfaction.     

Neural correlates of audiovisual integration of semantic category information

Previous studies have found a late frontal-central audiovisual interaction during the time period about 150-220 ms post-stimulus. However, it is unclear to which process is this audiovisual interaction related: to processing of acoustical features or to classification of stimuli? To investigate this question, event-related potentials were recorded during a words-categorization task with stimuli presented in the auditory-visual modality. In the experiment, congruency of the visual and auditory stimuli was manipulated. Results showed that within the window of about 180-210 ms post-stimulus more positive values were elicited by category-congruent audiovisual stimuli than category-incongruent audiovisual stimuli. This indicates that the late frontal-central audiovisual interaction is related to audiovisual integration of semantic category information.     

A rigorous approach for testing the constructionist hypotheses of brain function

Although the target article provides strong evidence against the locationist view, evidence for the constructionist view is inconclusive, because co-activation of brain regions does not necessarily imply connectivity between them. We propose a rigorous approach wherein connectivity between co-activated regions is first modeled using exploratory Granger causality, and then confirmed using dynamic causal modeling or Bayesian modeling.     

父母粗暴养育与儿童睡眠质量的关系：核心自我评价和消极情绪的中介作用

为探讨父母粗暴养育与儿童睡眠质量的关系及核心自我评价与消极情绪在其中的作用,采用粗暴养育量表、睡眠质量量表、核心自我评价量表、消极情绪量表对792名四、五年级儿童进行施测。结果发现：(1)母亲粗暴养育显著消极预测儿童睡眠质量,而父亲粗暴养育对儿童睡眠质量的直接预测作用不显著;(2)核心自我评价与消极情绪在母亲粗暴养育与儿童睡眠质量间起链式中介作用,而仅有消极情绪在父亲粗暴养育与儿童睡眠质量间起完全中介作用;(3)该中介模型存在显著的儿童性别差异。该结果强调了父母粗暴养育作用于儿童睡眠质量的差异性,并揭示其不同的作用机制,为改善儿童睡眠质量提供了参考。     

孤独症谱系障碍者情绪躯体语言的注意偏向

情绪躯体语言是在社交场合中传递情绪信息的典型非字面语言形式,包含重要社交信息。本研究从注意偏向角度考察孤独症个体的情绪躯体语言加工特点和认知机制。实验1采用点探测范式向被试呈现高兴、愤怒、恐惧、悲伤情绪躯体语言图片,考察孤独症个体的注意偏向特点。结果显示孤独症组未表现出对某类情绪躯体语言的注意偏向。实验2进一步采用生态效度更高的自由浏览范式考察孤独症组对情绪躯体语言图片的眼动特点。结果显示孤独症组对悲伤躯体语言注意回避,对高兴躯体语言注意增强和注意解离困难。结果表明,孤独症个体对不同类型的情绪躯体语言的注意偏向特征不同。自由浏览范式对于识别孤独症情绪躯体语言的注意偏向特点具有较高的灵敏性。     

网购中的比率偏差:好评状况和卷入度对产品购买意愿的影响

前人对比率偏差现象的研究都是以小概率事件作为研究材料,而网络购物中的普遍高好评现象为研究大概率事件中的比率偏差提供了机会。以大学生为被试,分别通过操作好评绝对数量和产品卷入度,考察了网购中好评状况对消费者产品购买意向的影响。结果显示,不论是否明确标明好评度信息,网购中的比率偏差现象都存在;相对于认知经验自我理论,心理距离理论可以更有效地解释上述大概率情景下的比率偏差现象。     

Measurement of self-evaluative motives: a shopping scenario

To develop measures of consumers' self-evaluative motives of Self-verification, Self-enhancement, and Self-improvement within the context of a mall shopping environment, an initial set of 49 items was generated by conducting three focus-group sessions. These items were subsequently converted into shopping-dependent motive statements. 250 undergraduate college students responded on a 7-point scale to each statement as these related to the acquisition of recent personal shopping goods. An exploratory factor analysis yielded five factors, accounting for 57.7% of the variance, three of which corresponded to the Self-verification motive (five items), Self-enhancement motive (three items), and Self-improvement motive (six items). These 14 items, along with 9 reconstructed items, yielded 23 items retained and subjected to additional testing. In a final round of data collection, 169 college students provided data for exploratory factor analysis. 11 items were used in confirmatory factor analysis. Analysis indicated that the 11-item scale adequately captured measures of the three self-evaluative motives. However, further data reduction produced a 9-item scale with marked improvement in statistical fit over the 11-item scale.     

Averaging to minimize or eliminate regression toward the mean to measure pure experimental effects

This paper explains how regression toward the mean can contaminate diary data, making it difficult to measure the pure effects of an experimental variable over time. Using a large scale real-life database collected by AT&T, a method of measuring this mathematical artifact is advanced. It is shown to manifest very quickly as a result of a spontaneous reaction toward happenstance, with the most extreme initial values gravitating most toward the mean. Then averaging over longer and longer periods of time to define use categories is shown to dilute happenstance increasingly, and therefore progressively minimizes or eliminates regression toward the mean. Finally, regression toward the mean is very pervasive and very persistent.