评蔡尚思的《评<孔子评传>》——兼评《孔子思想体系》

粉碎“四人帮”、拨乱反正以来,发表了几部关于孔子思想研究的专著和几百篇论文,这些论著观点不一,使孔子的研究空前活跃,呈现出气象万千的局面。然而有一个现象值得注意,就是论者大多各抒己见,互不交锋,即使出现分歧,也多不正面接火。学术研究是在不同观点的相互砥砺、切磋中发展的,不争论则难以长进。为了促进学术研究,本刊特设《争鸣》一栏,并发表汪琴炬同志评论蔡尚思同志关于孔子的观点的文章。这是一个开头,我们希望从此多嗅到一些争论的空气。汪文只代表目前孔子研究中的一种观点,我们深盼持其他观点的学者踊跃赐文。     

语言的神经基础研究进展

长期以来,语言功能与脑结构之间关系的研究主要依赖两个方法:(1),在局部脑损伤的失语症病人上作神经病理研究及在做过某些脑部位切除手术的病人上作语言行为研究,这类方法在于确立脑的某一部位的损伤与语言紊乱的联系;(2),在治疗癫痫病人做脑外科手术时,观察刺激有关皮层对语言行为的效应。此外还有两个较次要的方法,a.利用神经放射学技术(如脑血管放射线造影)对与语言紊乱有关的脑损伤部位定位;b.自一侧颈总动脉注射巴比妥盐(barbitunate)(Wada 测验),使一侧脑半球暂时抑制,进行语言行为研究。毫无疑     

黄教(格鲁派)创始人宗喀巴大师

宗喀巴大师,原名罗卜藏智华,出生在青海省湟中县的一个牧主家庭,他父亲叫达鲁赤本,母亲叫西毛阿旦,原居住在离塔尔寺不远的上庄新村。有一年,他家生下一头很好看的小黄牛犊,小黄牛生下后不久,便常独自跑失,而每次去找,都发现在莲花山一带的山坳里吃草。于是,全家便搬到那里居住下来。达鲁赤本和西毛阿旦原来已有三个孩子,就在他们搬来后第二年,又生下了第四个孩子,起名为罗卜藏智华。时年为元顺帝至正十七年,即公元1357年。据说宗喀巴诞生时,父亲不在家,母亲将他生下后,将他的胞衣埋在帐蓬旁边的一块平地     

永葆佛教本色 践行崇俭戒奢

<正>2022年6月8日,全国性宗教团体联合发出《关于崇俭戒奢的共同倡议》。《倡议》提出,要倡导传统美德,反对不良风气;倡导环保实用,反对贪大求奢;倡导修身养德,反对奢靡之风;倡导简约适度,反对铺张浪费。我认为,佛教界必须将倡议精神做到入心入脑,让崇俭戒奢成为思想上的自觉;行思坐想,让崇俭戒奢成为学修上的自觉;正信正行,让崇俭戒奢成为行动上的自觉。厉行节约、崇俭戒奢,关系到宗教健康传承,需要宗教界人士积极参与。     

“畏尔玛”护法神的神性刍议

在藏传佛教神灵体系中,记载了一尊全能护法神,该护法神被尊奉为"畏尔玛",又称"战神畏尔玛"。据相关文献记载,"畏尔玛"的神性极其广泛,如"遍满天空的畏尔玛;遍满空间的畏尔玛;遍满大地的畏尔玛"等等。笔者在甘肃卓尼县勺哇地区考察时,发现了"畏尔玛"护法神的信仰遗迹,当地人称"化玛"护法神。经查阅文献资料,笔者初步     

情感主义德性伦理学：一种当代的进路

在当代德性伦理学的哲学思潮中,较之于学者们普遍重视的亚里士多德的理性主义传统,相对受到忽视的休谟的情感主义传统反倒更有可能为我们提供一种德性伦理学在当代复兴的思想源泉,在与儒家德性论会通的语境之下尤其如此.当代道德发展心理学的研究印证了休谟的移情观念,而这一移情观念又可以用来对道义论进行一种情感主义的辩护,即一种建基于移情观念的当代情感主义德性伦理学.     

Children's activities and their meanings for parents: a mixed-methods study in six Western cultures

Theoretical perspectives and research in sociology, anthropology, sociolinguistics, and cultural psychology converge in recognizing the significance of children's time spent in various activities, especially in the family context. Knowing how children's time is deployed, however, only gives us a partial answer to how children acquire competence; the other part must take into account the culturally constructed meanings of activities, from the perspective of those who organize and direct children's daily lives. In this article, we report on a study of children's routine daily activities and on the meanings that parents attribute to them in six Western middle-class cultural communities located in Italy, The Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, and the United States (N = 183). Using week-long time diaries kept by parents, we first demonstrate similarities as well as significant differences in children's daily routines across the cultural samples. We then present brief vignettes--"a day in the life" --of children from each sample. Parent interviews were coded for themes in the meanings attributed to various activities. Excerpts from parent interviews, focusing on four major activities (meals, family time, play, school- or developmentally related activities), are presented to illustrate how cultural meanings and themes are woven into parents' organization and understanding of their children's daily lives. The results of this mixed-method approach provide a more reliable and nuanced picture of children's and families' daily lives than could be derived from either method alone.     

Gender stereotypes in management: a comparative study of communist and postcommunist Romania

This study sets out to investigate the changes in the perception of women in leading positions in communist and postcommunist Romania. The study uses a noninvasive paradigm of analyzing the content of obituaries for women and men in leading positions published in a national journal, and shows that the gender gap in management widened during the postcommunist period. In postcommunist Romania, women are perceived as being less able to lead/manage and more relational in their leadership style as compared to men, while in the communist period the gender differences were not significant.     

The role of rehearsals in self-generated prospective memory tasks

In order to inquire into the nature of retrieval in prospective memory in a naturalistic context, we investigated the number and circumstances of rehearsals of different kinds of intentions to be pursued during a single time period. Thirty-six students were given four minutes to generate a list of tasks they were planning to perform over the course of 10 days. During this retention interval, they were provided with pocket-size diaries in which they recorded the details of each occasion they thought about the tasks previously listed. As to the nature of any triggers or cues that prompted rehearsal, the participants were asked to choose one of three alternatives: (1) association with an internal or an external cue that accidently appeared in the surroundings (accidental rehearsals), (2) deliberate thinking, e.g. while planning (self-initiated rehearsals), (3) recollection that spontaneously popped into one's mind for no apparent reason (no-trigger rehearsals). The results showed that thoughts about intended actions appeared more often after accidental cues than for no apparent reason. However, the relative contribution of self-initiated triggers to the rehearsal process was substantial: Most importantly, it was the self-initiated rehearsal that differentiated between executed and unexecuted actions. In addition, the most activated intention resulted in a higher frequency of no-trigger and self-initiated rehearsals than the remaining intentions. Finally, perceived intention importance was positively related to both the number of rehearsals and the likelihood of successful task completion. The results are discussed with regard to which factors may be crucial for the successful performance of participants' own self-generated intentions in a natural setting. The role of deliberate rehearsal in specifying the details of the intended action and its designated retrieval context is highlighted.