帛书《昭力》易学观初探

帛书《易传》中的《昭力》篇虽然字效较少,但其结构完备,内涵清晰,属于帛书《易传》中十分具有特色的一篇释文。然而由于其篇末的字数标记,许多学者认为《昭力》与《缪和》属于一篇文章。亦有的学者认为《昭力》中论及“卿大夫”与“国君”,乃以《易》论政,属于政治论的范畴,不属于解《易》范畴。笔者通过研究《昭力》对卦爻辞的解读,认为《昭力》恰恰是一篇独立成章的解《易》文章,而且其所体现的是与帛书《易传》其他篇章不尽相同的解《易》理念,其“六经注我”的解释学理念也是我国典籍中出现较早的。《昭力》篇的研读对于我们认识孔子的政治论点与易学观念都有着十分积极的意义。     

《周易注疏》版本流变及阮刻《周易正义》补议

《周易》的注、疏合刻始于南宋茶盐司八行本,自此以后,又有十行本。阮元的《重刊十三经注疏》即是以十行本为依据。十行本为元刻明修本,这一点已为学者所指出。然而,不同的十行本,其先后传承仍然是需要辨明的。阮元所依据的十行本,乃是十行本中错讹最多的一个本子。由此我们审视阮元的重刻,其主要失误在于选择底本的错误而非刊刻工作本身。同时,由《周易正义》的情况来看,十行本与闽、监、毛本的关系亦并非仅仅是前贤所认为的递相传承。闽本实际出自元刻九行本,且此元刻九行本反倒是十行本明代补版所从出。在《周易注疏》的众版本中,武英殿本及四库本较易被忽略,然而这个版本从分卷到校勘却是比较有特色的。     

A Contemporary Re-Examination of Confucian Li 禮 and Human Dignity

In modern Western liberal discourse, human dignity has been cast as an important component of basic human rights, while so-called human rights have been generally understood as certain inborn, inherent and inalienable properties of every human being. In this understanding, human dignity is just a natural endowment rather than a historically constructed social-cultural phenomenon. Based on this premise, liberalism is justified for the reason that under a social condition of complete freedom, individuals will spontaneously exercise their rights thus to secure their dignity. However, from a Confucian point of view, human dignity is socially defined and exists in concrete forms in social-cultural contexts. Dignity is not an abstract, universal, minimal standard that can be applied to all people at every time; it refers to individuals’ decency and grace under various given social contexts, and it corresponds to particular roles, statuses and even ages and genders of individuals in their respective societies. The full realization of human dignity relies on certain social-cultural or institutional arrangements. Confucian li is precisely this kind of arrangement, which designs a whole set of regulations and norms in order to maintain human dignity in general, as well as to maintain different people’s dignity in varying situations. Therefore, according to Confucianism, behaving appropriately according to the norms and regulations of li is just a way to preserve dignity.     

《缪和》《昭力》与孔子易教

马王堆帛书《缪和》《昭力》中的"子"即是孔子,其中蕴涵着大量孔子易教思想,这些思想可以和其他古籍中所见孔子思想相互印证而又富新意。孔子晚而好《易》,不仅出于个人宗教情感之需要,更主要的是他对易之教化作用的阐扬。挖掘这两篇中的孔子易教思想不仅可以推动帛书《易传》的进一步研究,更可以深化对孔子思想的认识。