Perceived control effects on religiosity and quality of life among young adults

The study investigated the mediating role of perceived control in the association between religiosity and quality of life among young adults in south-west Nigeria. Data were collected from a sample of 1 050 young adults (mean age = 29.8, SD = 4.61; female = 38.7%). Regression analysis was utilised to predict quality of life from religiosity, partialling out perceived control. Findings suggest internal religiosity to predict an environmental domain of quality of life through perceived control. Perceived constraints appear to explain the association between internal religiosity and the environmental domain of quality of life.     

Identity Status,Gender, and Social Comparison Among Young Adults

The aim of this study was to investigate identity status globally and across identity domains among young Swedish adult women and men. Also, potential differences in social comparison among identity statuses were evaluated. The results showed that most of the 124 participants (50% women, M_age 33.29 years) were assigned to an achieved global identity and had made identity-defining commitments across domains. Gender differences in identity status were found in the occupational and parenthood domains. In addition, differences in social comparison orientation were found only in the parenthood domain, whereas those assigned to moratorium scored higher in social comparison than did those assigned to foreclosure and diffusion. These results bring important knowledge to our understanding of identity during young adulthood.     

Barriers and facilitators of physical activity and sport participation among young transgender adults who are medically transitioning

Background: Transgender people (those who feel incongruence between the gender they were assigned at birth and their gender identity) engage in lower levels of physical activity compared to cisgender (non-transgender) people. Several factors have been shown to affect physical activity engagement in the cisgender population; however, the physical activity experiences of young transgender adults have not been explored. It is therefore the aim of the current study to understand what factors are associated with physical activity and sport engagement in young transgender adults who are medically transitioning.

Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 young transgender adults (18–36 years) who had initiated their medical transition at a transgender health service in the United Kingdom. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis.

Results: Two main themes were identified: (1) barriers and (2) facilitators to physical activity and sport. Overall, the young transgender adults were insufficiently active due to inadequate changing facilities, body dissatisfaction, fears surrounding “passing” and not being accepted by others. At the same time, participants were motivated to engage in physical activity to increase their body satisfaction and gender congruence. However, participants felt there was a lack of safe and comfortable spaces to engage in physical activity and sport.

Conclusion: Young transgender adults who are medically transitioning experience several barriers to physical activity and sport, despite being motivated to be physically active. Initiatives to facilitate young transgender adults' ability to put their motivations into practice (i.e. to be more physically active) are needed.     

Sensitivity to criticism and theory of mind: A cross cultural study on Japanese and Italian children

Although recent studies have shown cross-cultural differences in theory of mind (ToM) between children in Western and Eastern cultures, little is known about cross-cultural differences pertaining to social correlates. The present research investigated cultural variations in the relationship between sensitivity to criticism and ToM. Japanese (n = 76) and Italian (n = 76) 6-year-olds completed a sensitivity-to-criticism task (either the teacher condition or the peer condition), second-order false-belief tasks, and a verbal ability test. The results replicated previous findings of an association between ability rating after teacher criticism and ToM in both countries. Cultural variation was found in emotional response and motivation after teacher, but nor peer, criticism. Japanese children responded to teacher criticism more positively than did Italian children. Moreover, Japanese children who failed the second-order false-belief task were more motivated after teacher criticism than were Italian children. These results are discussed in relation to differences in cultural factors.     

教师期望对幼儿人格的影响:师幼关系的中介效应

研究选取634名幼儿为被试,采用问卷法,应用多层线性模型,在班级和个体两个层面上,探讨教师期望对幼儿人格的影响,并考察师幼关系的中介效应。研究表明：（1）个体层面和班级层面教师期望对师幼关系均有显著预测作用。（2）个体层面上教师期望对人格智能特征、认真自控、外倾性和亲社会性有显著的预测作用;班级层面,班级平均教师期望对认真自控有显著预测作用。（3）个体层面上,师幼关系是教师期望影响人格的认真自控、外倾性、亲社会性和情绪稳定性的中介变量;班级层面上师幼关系无显著的中介作用。     

青年罪犯的人格特征研究

采用“卡特尔十六种人格因素测验”问卷,分析比较了青年罪犯与青年学生的人格特质、次元人格因素、应用人格因素。结果表明：青年罪犯与青年学生在8种人格特质(C、F、G、H、L、Q1、Q2、q)、1种次元人格因素(X2)、1种应用人格因素(Y4)上存在显著差异,提示青年罪犯确有异于同龄人的人格特征,这对青年犯罪的预防与矫治具有重要意义。     

青年学生价值目标结构的研究

本研究在文献分析的基础上,结合国外已有相关量表,通过访谈、开放式问卷等方法,构建了我国青年学生价值目标理论维度,并据此编制了青年学生价值目标量表,对量表进行探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析后表明,青年学生价值目标包括6个维度：和平和安宁的价值目标、友谊和真爱价值目标、刺激和享乐价值目标、名望和权力价值目标、自我实现与发展价值目标、奉献价值目标。     

Association between measures of aggression and bullying among juvenile and young offenders

This study addresses the relationship between aggression and behaviors indicative of bullying in a sample of incarcerated male juvenile and young offenders. The study also addresses whether or not offenders who bully others and/or are bullied themselves can be identified by the type of aggression that they report. Ninety‐five juvenile and 196 young offenders completed a self‐report behavioral checklist (DIPC: Direct and Indirect Prisoner Behavior Checklist) that addressed their experience of and involvement in behaviors indicative of bullying. They also completed the Aggression Questionnaire (AQ), a measure of physical and verbal aggression, anger and hostility. Four categories of offenders were identified from the DIPC ‐ pure bullies, pure victims, those who were both bullies and victims (bully/victims), and those not‐involved in bullying behavior. As predicted, behaviors measured on the DIPC that were indicative of ‘bullying others’ correlated positively with scores on the AQ. There was no indication, however, that physical AQ and physical bullying on the DIPC were the same constructs. There was a closer association between verbal AQ scores and verbal bullying on the DIPC. Bullies and bully/victims reported higher levels of physical and verbal aggression, and bully/victims reported higher levels of hostility and anger, than the other categories. It is concluded that although there are similarities between the AQ and the DIPC, there is no evidence that they are measuring the same type of aggression, although different groups involved in bullying can be partly distinguished by their scores on the AQ. Aggr. Behav. 30:29–42, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

高校青年教师心理健康及团体心理训练设计研究

随着高校青年教师的比例日益上升。高校青年教师的心理健康问题必须予以足够的重视。本研究采用临床症状自评量表(SCL-90)和艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)对高校青年教师心理健康状况进行调查．结果显示高校青年教师主要存在的问题表现在生理与心理问题、人际关系问题、心理压力问题、情绪稳定性问题等四方面。依据高校青年教师的心理特点及其现状。其团体心理训练的主要内容有改善心智模式训练、情绪管理训练、意志力训练、人格魅力训练、人际沟通训练、缓解压力训练、适应与发展训练、身心保健训练等．主要的训练方法是团体讨论和角色扮演。     

幼儿预见能力的发展及与抑制控制、心理理论的关系

预见是预测未来会发生什么或者需要什么的能力,是对未来自我状态进行的推理。该研究由两部分实验组成。实验1以3～5岁幼儿为研究对象,采用Atance和Meltzoff(2005)的非言语研究范式,探讨了预见能力的发展特点。结果表明,4岁以后,幼儿能够根据未来的需要选择适宜的物品。实验2以4～6岁幼儿为研究对象,考察了预见与抑制控制和心理理论能力的关系。结果发现,抑制控制对幼儿的预见能力存在直接的预测效力,而心理理论则是通过抑制控制作为中介变量间接地作用于预见过程。