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991.
Jennifer?F.?Marchand-ReillyEmail author Marla?Reese-Weber 《Journal of Adult Development》2005,12(1):85-89
The present study examined both husbands' and wives' attachment orientations and depressive symptoms in predicting reports
of marital conflict behaviors. Married couples (N = 60) completed questionnaires to assess their attachment orientations, depressive symptoms, and perceptions of positive
and negative conflict behaviors in the marital relationship. Using hierarchical regression analyses, statistical models were
tested wherein husbands' and wives' reports of marital conflict behaviors were regressed on their own and their spouses' attachment
orientations and depressive symptoms. The results suggest that both attachment orientations and depressive symptoms were important
predictors of reported marital conflict behaviors. However, different predictors were found for husbands' and wives' reports
of positive and negative conflict behaviors. In general, spouses' attributes played only a small role in predicting reports
of marital conflict behaviors. 相似文献
992.
Attentional control in the aging brain: insights from an fMRI study of the stroop task 总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18
Milham MP Erickson KI Banich MT Kramer AF Webb A Wszalek T Cohen NJ 《Brain and cognition》2002,49(3):277-296
Several recent studies of aging and cognition have attributed decreases in the efficiency of working memory processes to possible declines in attentional control, the mechanism(s) by which the brain attempts to limit its processing to that of task-relevant information. Here we used fMRI measures of neural activity during performance of the color-word Stroop task to compare the neural substrates of attentional control in younger (ages: 21-27 years old) and older participants (ages: 60-75 years old) during conditions of both increased competition (incongruent and congruent neutral) and increased conflict (incongruent and congruent neutral). We found evidence of age-related decreases in the responsiveness of structures thought to support attentional control (e.g., dorsolateral prefrontal and parietal cortices), suggesting possible impairments in the implementation of attentional control in older participants. Consistent with this notion, older participants exhibited more extensive activation of ventral visual processing regions (i.e., temporal cortex) and anterior inferior prefrontal cortices, reflecting a decreased ability to inhibit the processing of task-irrelevant information. Also, the anterior cingulate cortex, a region involved in evaluatory processes at the level of response (e.g., detecting potential for error), showed age-related increases in its sensitivity to the presence of competing color information. These findings are discussed in terms of newly emerging models of attentional control in the human brain. 相似文献
993.
Elbedour S Onwuegbuzie AJ Caridine C Abu-Saad H 《Clinical child and family psychology review》2002,5(4):255-271
Polygamy represents expanded family structures that are based on marriages involving a husband with 2 or more wives. Interestingly, polygamy is legally and widely practiced in 850 societies across the globe. In the last 2 decades, polygamy has been the focus of a significant growth in public, political, and academic awareness. Indeed, several quantitative and qualitative research articles and theoretical papers have emerged during this period, particularly concerning the effects of this form of marital structure on behavioral, emotional, and academic adjustment of children. However, to date, no researcher has provided a summary of the extant literature. Thus, the purpose of this comprehensive literature review is to summarize findings and to discuss implications of empirical studies that have examined whether polygamous marital structures are beneficial or harmful to children in comparison with children raised in monogamous marital structures. This review includes a summary of the findings from all quantitative and qualitative studies in the extant literature that have examined the effect of polygamy on children's outcomes. 相似文献
994.
Jafarey AM 《Science and engineering ethics》2002,8(3):353-362
Health research for progress in the control and conquest of disease afflicting man is unquestionable. Concerns arise when
motives other than the advancement of scientific knowledge and benefit for individuals and society are the driving force behind
clinical trials. These conflicts of interests become even more pronounced when dealing with populations rendered vulnerable
by virtue of poverty and ignorance. South Asia with its teeming millions represents one such region. This essay examines the
reasons that make this population vulnerable to exploitation. Informed consent in the process of research is an area where
such conflicts are prone to arise. In order to ensure that conflicting interests of researchers and funding agencies are kept
in check, the processes of informed consent and ethical review of research need to be strengthened. Suggestions are put forward
to modify the consent process to match the needs of South Asia and to strengthen the ethical review process for safeguarding
the rights of the study subjects. But perhaps the most important safeguard against exploitation is the virtuous researcher
himself with noble intentions.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an International Conference on “Conflict of Interest and its Significance
in Science and Medicine” held in Warsaw, Poland on 5–6 April, 2002. 相似文献
995.
Friedman PJ 《Science and engineering ethics》2002,8(3):413-420
Conflicts of interest have an erosive effect on trust in science, damaging first the attitude of the public toward scientists
and their research, but also weakening the trusting interdependence of scientists. Disclosure is recognized as the key tool
for management of conflicts, but rules with sanctions must be improved, new techniques for avoidance of financial conflicts
by alternative funding of evaluative research must be sought, and there must be new thinking about institutional conflicts
of interest. Our profession is education, and both the public and research professionals of all ages would benefit from greater
understanding of how science should and does work.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an International Conference on “Conflict of Interest and its Significance
in Science and Medicine” held in Warsaw, Poland on 5–6 April, 2002. 相似文献
996.
Baldwin W 《Science and engineering ethics》2002,8(3):469-475
This article summarizes the April 5–6, 2002 conference on Conflict of Interest and Its Significance in Science and Medicine.
Several themes are identified and addressed, including the globalization of science, the widespread presence of conflicts,
the increased interest and involvement in conflict of interest by a number of organizations, the difference between academic
research and research conducted by industry, and the tension between science and medicine. At the heart of the matter lies
objectivity in research and the need for transparency to ensure objectivity. Several future activities were discussed, including
the need to share specific examples of how conflict has been managed, and the need for behavioral research to provide a sound
empirical understanding of the best ways to provide informed consent for research subjects.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an International Conference on “Conflict of Interest and its Significance
in Science and Medicine” held in Warsaw, Poland on 5–6 April, 2002. 相似文献
997.
Tikk A 《Science and engineering ethics》2002,8(3):317-318
An area where conflicts of interest can take place in Estonia is in the conduct of clinical trials. The paper lists the main
areas where such conflicts of interest can occur. The author also briefly discusses Estonia’s current position with regard
to regulating genetic information and the commencement of the Estonian Genome Project.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an International Conference on “Conflict of Interest and its Significance
in Science and Medicine” held in Warsaw, Poland on 5–6 April, 2002. 相似文献
998.
Górski A 《Science and engineering ethics》2001,7(3):307-312
Conclusions Continued scientific and medical progress in Central and Eastern Europe depends on the development of an atmosphere that is
conducive to implementing the changes that are necessary to bring better health and longer lives for everyone. Privatization
and commercialization are threatening the objectivity of clinical research and the availability of health care because uncontrolled
market mechanisms focused on profit are nurturing conflict of interest that generate bias and unreliability into research
and medicine. Changes are needed that address the following:
相似文献
– | The amount of public support for basic and clinical research and health care, |
– | standards for the conduct of clinical trials and delivery of health care, |
– | administrative procedures for responding to the conflict of interest problem. |
999.
Javiera Barandiaran 《Science as culture》2013,22(3):251-275
AbstractIn 1990, Chile transitioned to democracy after 17 years of military rule. The new democracy built the country's first environmental institutions and began efforts to revitalize science, among them attempts to connect scientific expertise to public decision-making. Just over a decade into these efforts, conflicts over the environmental impacts of large industrial projects began to multiply. These environmental conflicts were often also credibility contests, where the authority of science to speak to public issues was contested. Two such conflicts, a gold mine called Pascua Lama and a hydroelectric project called HidroAysén, enrolled several scientific teams, yet in each case the state made its final decision on each project autonomously from science. Though some scientists became central participants in each conflict, carving out for themselves access to needed resources that they used to practice ever-narrower forms of science, their credibility was called into question by many of their scientific colleagues. Chile's scientific community fractured over how to define credible science. Divisive and decisive issues included the source of funding, ethics, access to resources, and being local. Although some scientists and non-scientists used boundary work to try to affirm the authority of science, no stable map of scientific credibility resulted from these efforts. Chile's new democracy is more plural than its recent military dictatorship but still lacks adequate spaces in which to negotiate what counts as credible science. These experiences highlight the need to better understand how science fares through regime transitions and what it contributes to emerging democracies. 相似文献
1000.
《Estudios de Psicología》2013,34(3):293-316
AbstractA fundamental condition for the evolvement of any society is the development of social identity, which confers a sense of belonging and identification. The meaning of social identity is influenced by the ethos that members of a society share. The ethos consists of shared, central societal beliefs that give the society a dominant orientation and characterize it. The societal beliefs that underlie the ethos can change as a result of new, prolonged experiences of the society. Israeli society presents an example of such a process.During the years of intractable conflict, Israeli society developed societal beliefs of a conflictive ethos that were conducive to successful coping with the conflictive situation. The ethos included beliefs about the justness of the Jews' goals, about security, and about delegitimising the Arabs, together with motifs of positive self-image, patriotism, unity, and peace. These beliefs characterised Israeli Jewish society and contributed meaning to the Israeli social identity. As the peace process developed, the societal beliefs of the conflictive ethos began to change, at least among part of the society members. But as the violent conflict re-erupted in fall 2000, the ethos of conflict is strengthening its standing in the society. The present paper describes the changes in the conflictive ethos with regard to each of the societal beliefs and discusses the implications of these changes for the meaning of the Israeli Jewish identity. Finally, general conclusions regarding the presented conception of social identity are outlined. 相似文献