El desarrollo del conocimiento del ambiente: revisión de la teoría constructivista-interaccional y algunos datos sobre las variaciones evolutivas intraindividuales

RESUMEN

Este artículo tiene dos objetivos: primero, trazar algunas propuestas generales de la teoría del conocimiento constructivista-interaccional; y, segundo, dar cuenta de una parte de un modesto experimento que se basa en tal perspectiva teórica y que se diseñó para arrojar alguna luz en tres cuestiones relativas a las variaciones evolutivas que aparecen cuando las personas estructuran su conocimiento de los ambientes a gran escala. 1) ¿ Existen variaciones evolutivas en un mismo individuo con respecto a la organización del conocimiento de ambientes diferentes? 2) ¿Se pueden caracterizar estas variaciones en términos estructurales? 3) ¿Estas variaciones siguen una secuencia evolutiva o reflejan diferentes estilos de representación? Los resultados sugieren que es posible conceptualizar el conocimiento del ambiente en términos constructivistas-interaccionales y derivar hipótesis basadas en tales perspectivas, que arrojan alguna luz en el análisis evolutivo de esta conducta     

Equilibración cognitiva y equilibrio cognitivo: la perspectiva de la Escuela de Ginebra

Resumen

Se estudia la evolución de las formas de equilibración cognitiva utilizadas en la Escuela de Ginebra. Después de hacer un analisis sobre el papel de la asimilación-acomodación en las formas posibles de equilibración cognitiva dentro del marco de las ciencias fácticas, se extraen las propiedades que son exclusivamente característicos de aquéllas. A continuación, se define el proceso de adaptación como el equilibrio entre sus dos polos (asimilativo y acomodativo), incidiendo sobre la naturaleza interactiva de éstos, caracterizando el equilibrio por las conservaciones recíprocas de los procesos y mostrando cómo estas conservaciones podrían considerarse bajo tres dimensiones que conducirían a tres formas, cualitativamente diferentes, de equilibración cognitiva. Finalmente, con el deslizamiento del interés desde las estructuras a los procedimientos se produce una modificación en la conceptualización del equilibrio, que muestra las nuevas posibilidades de equilibración de los esquemas cognitivos (presentativos, procedimientales y operatorios).     

Mapas cognitivos: Revisión crítica

Resumen

El artículo propone, desde una perspectiva cognitiva, una estructura conceptual para interpretar la amalgama de resultados obtenidos por la investigación sobre mapas cognitivos. Se describe y discute su carácter interdisciplinar, su semejanza con otros conceptos, los elementos de que consta, el tipo de información que contiene, así como sus imprecisiones e inconsistencias. Finalmente, se aportan argumentos acerca de la ventaja que supone partir de una concepción del mapa cognitivo como una estructura multirrepresentacional, dirigida a la acción, y se esbozan algunas sugerencias para la investigación futura.     

Emoción expresada: Introducción al concepto,evaluación e implicaciones pronosticas y terapéuticas

RESUMEN

Los autores comienzan analizando el concepto de emoción expresada y los modos de evaluarla en el nucleo familiar de pacientes esquizofrénicos, clarificando sus dos componentes básicos: implicación emocional excesiva y actitud crítica. Seguidamente repasan diversos estudios en torno a la validez y utilidad de este constructo y otros en relación con cuestiones de carácter conceptual y metodológico. Finalmente abordan las implicaciones y desarrollos terapéuticos, centrándose en las intervenciones sociales llevadas a cabo en Gran Bretaña y en la terapia familiar conductual y ofreciendo algunos de sus resultados. El trabajo concluye que la revisión de los estudios sobre emoción expresada en familiares de sujetos esquizofrénicos pone de relieve la adecuación y utilidad de estas medidas, ofreciendo algunas pautas para investigaciones futuras.     

Treatment of developmental stress disorder: mind,body and brain – analysis and pharmacology coupled

The schism between psychiatry, psychology and analysis, while long present, has widened even more in the past half‐century with the advances in psychopharmacology. With the advances in electronic brain imaging, particularly in developmental and post‐traumatic stress disorders, there has emerged both an understanding of brain changes resulting from severe, chronic stress and an ability to target brain chemistry in ways that can relieve clinical symptomatology. The use of alpha‐1 adrenergic brain receptor antagonists decreases many of the manifestations of PTSD. Additionally, this paper discusses the ways in which dreaming, thinking and the analytic process are facilitated with this concomitant treatment and hypervigilence and hyper‐arousal states are signficiantly decreased.     

MEASUREMENT OF FATHER–CHILD ROUGH‐AND‐TUMBLE PLAY AND ITS RELATIONS TO CHILD BEHAVIOR

Although there is increasing evidence of paternal influence on child outcomes such as language and cognition, researchers are not yet clear on the features of father–child play that are most valuable in terms of child development. Physical play such as rough and tumble play (RTP) is a favored type of father–child play in Western societies that has been linked to children's socioemotional competence. It is important, therefore, to determine the implications of this play for child development. In this review and meta‐analysis, associations between father–child physical play and child behavior were examined. The review also focused on study methods. Sixteen studies are reviewed, N = 1,521 father–child dyads, 35% boys. Study characteristics such as definitions of physical play, play settings, play measures, and coding were examined. The meta‐analysis found weak to moderate population effects for links between father–child physical play and child aggression, social competence, emotional skills, and self‐regulation. Research investigating the effect of father–child physical play on children's development will be improved when definitions clearly identify the nature of play, settings facilitate boisterous play, and measures include frequency and quality of play interactions. This play shows promise as an enhancer of positive father–child relationships and a catalyst for child development.     

EXPANDING INFANT MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT SERVICES TO AT‐RISK PRESCHOOLERS AND THEIR FAMILIES THROUGH THE INTEGRATION OF RELATIONAL PLAY THERAPY

The expansion of infant mental health (IMH) to at‐risk preschoolers and their families has contributed to the integration of relational play therapy (RPT) into IMH treatment services for this population. Integrating RPT allows access to specialized play and expressive techniques specific to preschool and family development, which improves the clinical ability to meet the multiple and complex needs of at‐risk parent–child dyads and their families. This article will examine the RPT literature and explore the similarities and differences between IMH and RPT. In addition, two case studies will highlight a five‐phase, integrative clinical‐treatment process and provide insight into how IMH clinicians are integrating RPT models and maintaining adherence to the IMH treatment approach.     

Adapting Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up for infants and young children with intellectual disabilities and developmental delays in South Africa: Reflections and recommendations from local stakeholders

Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up (ABC) is an intervention targeted at enhancing the socioemotional and regulatory functioning of at-risk infants. However, to use the ABC for infants/toddlers with intellectual disabilities/developmental delays (ID/DD) and in novel cultural contexts, such as South Africa, adaptations may be required. This study aimed, therefore, to explore the opinions of clinical experts and perceptions of caregivers regarding the use of ABC for children with ID/DD in South Africa. It also sought to incorporate the experiences of families of children with ID/DD who received, and intervenors who delivered, ABC in its first implementation in South Africa. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 participants. Thematic analysis explicated 12 main themes: Intervention Strengths, Points of Concern, and Recommendations (Experts); Focus on Caregiver-child Relationship, and Intervention Targets and Duration (Caregivers); Benefits of ABC, and Cultural Considerations (ABC Recipients); Focused and Targeted, Value of Feedback, Supportive Supervision, Working Alliance, and Challenges Experienced (ABC Intervenors). Practice and training recommendations include psychoeducation for parents and training for intervenors that is ID/DD-specific, expanding supervision capacity, building intervenors’ cultural/linguistic sensitivity and competence, accessing referral networks, including local Community Health Workers as intervenors, and greater flexibility in how the sessions are organized.     

Pilot test of a measure to assess clients’ perceptions of their home visitors

Home visiting services for caregivers of infants and young children have been found to be an effective method for promoting child development. Unfortunately, such services suffer from high rates of attrition, suggesting the need to identify factors related to client retention in services. Research has indicated that the client-provider relationship is an important predictor of client retention in home visiting services; however, measures to assess this relationship are limited. This study reports on a pilot test of the Client Perceptions of Home Visitors Questionnaire, developed to assess home visiting clients’ perceptions of their relationship with their home visitor. The measure was completed by 39 diverse home visiting clients during pregnancy in a midwestern town in the United States. The scale was found to have good internal consistency. Validity analyses found that the scale was positively associated with client satisfaction with services and perceived provider cultural sensitivity. The scale was also positively associated with retention in services at an 8-month follow-up. Additional research should examine the measure's psychometrics with larger samples.