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61.
Speech acts and arguments 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Scott Jacobs 《Argumentation》1989,3(4):345-365
Speech act theory seems to provide a promising avenue for the analysis of the functional organization of argument. The theory, however, might be taken to suggest that arguments are a homogenous class of speech act with a specifiable illocutionary force and a single set of felicity conditions. This suggestion confuses the analysis of the meaning of speech act verbs with the analysis of the pragmatic structure of actual language use. Suggesting that arguments are conveyed through a homogeneous class of linguistic action overlooks the way in which the context of activity and the form of expression organize the argumentative functions performed in using language. An alternative speech act analysis would treat folk terminology as a heuristic entry point into the development of a technical analysis of the myriad argumentative functions and structures to be found in natural language use. This would lead to a thorough-going pragmatic analysis of the rational and functional design of speech acts in argumentation. 相似文献
62.
M. Kienpointner 《Argumentation》1996,10(4):475-494
Whorf and Wittgenstein are perhaps the most famous names in linguistics and philosophy associated with the assumption that language plays a decisive role in shaping our view of reality. After a critical discussion of Whorf's linguistic relativity principle I conclude that it is not language as a system, but the use of language according to the rules of language games which connects language thought and world view, especially if some particular usage becomes the commonly accepted norm. This traditional norm also enters argumentative discourse in the form of background assumptions occuring in the premises of arguments. Thus, traditional points of view and prevailing ideologies in a society, even if challenged in discussions, can become reinforced and stabilized. This is illustrated with a critical analysis of the role and function of tautological utterances in argumentative discourse, which only apparently are compelling means of argumentation. 相似文献
63.
Four types of aggravated opening utterances (insult, command, accusation, refusal without a reason) and four types of mitigated opening utterances (request, indication of shared responsibility, reaffirmation, and refusal with a reason) were investigated. Ordinary social actors rated each of the mitigated opening utterances higher than aggravated opening utterances on specific appropriateness, general appropriateness, and effectiveness. Hence, the type of opening employed to initiate an argumentative episode influences judgments of appropriateness and effectiveness. 相似文献
64.
Michael J. Wreen 《Argumentation》1988,2(4):425-440
This paper is a critical assessment of argumentum ad baculum, or appeal to force. Its principal contention is that, contrary to common opinion, there is no general fallacy of ad baculum. Most real-life ad baculums are, in fact, fairly strong. A basic logical form for reconstructed ad baculums is proposed, and a number of heterodoxical conclusions are also advanced and argued for. They include that ad baculum is not necessarily a prudential argument, that ad baculum need not involve force, violence, or threats, and that one can argue ad baculum to oneself. The starting point of the paper, however, is a critical evaluation of three ad baculums from the exercise sets of Irving Copi's well-known Introduction to Logic. 相似文献
65.
Many philosophers subscribe to the view that philosophy is a priori and in the business of discovering necessary truths from the armchair. This paper sets out to empirically test this picture. If this were the case, we would expect to see this reflected in philosophical practice. In particular, we would expect philosophers to advance mostly deductive, rather than inductive, arguments. The paper shows that the percentage of philosophy articles advancing deductive arguments is higher than those advancing inductive arguments, which is what we would expect from the vantage point of the armchair philosophy picture. The results also show, however, that the percentages of articles advancing deductive arguments and those advancing inductive arguments are converging over time and that the difference between inductive and deductive ratios is declining over time. This trend suggests that deductive arguments are gradually losing their status as the dominant form of argumentation in philosophy. 相似文献
66.
Christelle Robert Stéphanie Mathey 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2018,25(2):231-243
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of aging on both spoken and written word production by using analogous tasks. To do so, a phonological neighbor generation task (Experiment 1) and an orthographic neighbor generation task (Experiment 2) were designed. In both tasks, young and older participants were given a word and had to generate as many words as they could think of by changing one phoneme in the target word (Experiment 1) or one letter in the target word (Experiment 2). The data of the two experiments were consistent, showing that the older adults generated fewer lexical neighbors and made more errors than the young adults. For both groups, the number of words produced, as well as their lexical frequency, decreased as a function of time. These data strongly support the assumption of a symmetrical age-related decline in the transmission of activation within the phonological and orthographic systems. 相似文献
67.
Hugo Mercier Mioko Sudo Thomas Castelain Stéphane Bernard 《European Journal of Developmental Psychology》2018,15(5):493-505
Observational and experimental data have revealed that preschoolers possess some argumentation skills, both in the production and the evaluation of arguments. However, these skills might have been fostered by the particular cultural context of Western middle- and upper-classes families, to which most children studied belong. Some data suggests that children in other cultures possess at least some of these skills, but no experimental data had been gathered in Eastern cultures. These cultures are supposed to frown on argumentation, and might thus be less conducive to the early development of argumentation skills. We test the emergence of argument evaluation skills in Japanese 5-year-olds by presenting them with a choice between endorsing a strong, perceptual argument, and a weak, circular argument. A first experiment revealed a trend in the direction of the strong argument. A second experiment that addresses some methodological concerns of the first demonstrates a significant tendency to follow the strong argument. These results are similar to those previously gathered in two other cultures (Swiss and Maya), and suggest that some basic argumentation skills are early developing across cultures. 相似文献
68.
69.
This paper reviews the history of AI & Law research from the perspective of argument schemes. It starts with the observation
that logic, although very well applicable to legal reasoning when there is uncertainty, vagueness and disagreement, is too
abstract to give a fully satisfactory classification of legal argument types. It therefore needs to be supplemented with an
argument-scheme approach, which classifies arguments not according to their logical form but according to their content, in
particular, according to the roles that the various elements of an argument can play. This approach is then applied to legal
reasoning, to identify some of the main legal argument schemes. It is also argued that much AI & Law research in fact employs
the argument-scheme approach, although it usually is not presented as such. Finally, it is argued that the argument-scheme
approach and the way it has been employed in AI & Law respects some of the main lessons to be learnt from Toulmin’s The Uses of Argument. 相似文献
70.
Jürgen Dümont 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》1999,30(2):341-364
Two of Hilary Putnam's model-theoretic arguments against metaphysical realism are examined in detail. One of them is developed
as an extension of a model-theoretic argument against mathematical realism based on considerations concerning the so-called
Skolem-Paradox in set theory. This argument against mathematical realism is also treated explicitly. The article concentrates
on the fine structure of the arguments because most commentators have concentrated on the major premisses of Putnam's argument
and especially on his treatment of metaphysical realism. It is shown that the validity of Putnam's arguments is doubtful and
that realists are by no means forced to accept the theses Putnam ascribes to them. It is concluded that Putnam fails to give
convincing arguments for rejecting mathematical or metaphysical realism. Furthermore, Putnam's internal realism is discussed
critically.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献