气质特征对学龄前儿童牙科治疗行为的影响

为探索气质特征对学龄前儿童牙科治疗行为的影响,本研究采用《中国学龄前儿童气质量表(CPTS)》测查了218名3~7岁首次接受牙科治疗儿童的气质特征,同时用Frankl Behavior Rating Scale(FBRS)对其牙科治疗行为进行评估。结果显示:适应性、趋避性及心境三个气质维度得分高的儿童出现牙科治疗行为问题几率大,其中适应性与牙科治疗行为问题相关性最大,气质类型为麻烦型、发动缓慢型儿童易出现牙科治疗行为问题,男孩较女孩更容易出现牙科治疗行为问题。本研究结果为临床儿童牙科医生如何应对有牙科治疗行为问题的儿童提供了理论依据,对如何进行牙科行为管理有一定的临床指导价值。     

Programmed Instruction: Construction Responding, Discrimination Responding, and Highlighted Keywords

Skinner (1958) expressed the need for an increase in the effectiveness and efficiency of education. In particular, he suggested that programmed instruction could provide such efficiency. The present study used a within-subject design to compare the effects of four types of instructional materials; those requiring overt construction responses, overt discrimination responses, covert reading of text with highlighted key words, and covert reading of standard text. The materials requiring overt responding produced greater learning than did the covert reading materials, with or without highlighting. There was no difference found between the two types of overt responding; nor were there differences between the two types of covert reading materials. Thus, this study supports the assumption that overt responding is more effective. However, the overt response materials also required proportionately more time. Therefore, this showed no benefit of overt responding in terms of efficiency.     

“Put Your Money Where Your Love Is”: Parental Aid to Adult Children

Qualitative data are used to examine parents’ support to their adult children, and their motivations and feelings about it. The sample is 40 adult children and parents from four racial/ethnic groups: African-Americans, Asian-Americans, non-Latino Whites, and Latinos. Ideals of adult independence versus interdependence emerge as determinants of feelings about aiding adult children. The ambivalence concept provides the means to elucidate the tensions between these ideologies and children’s structurally shaped circumstances. Parental assistance to adult children was seen as acceptable for education, home ownership, and on behalf of young children, especially if the child was “working hard.” Parents still provided aid, however, even if these conditions were not met. In these situations, more intrafamilial tension characterized the aid transfer.     

“Strength and Safety in Numbers”: A Theoretical Perspective on Group Influences on Approach and Avoidance Motivation

This paper presents a theoretical framework that advances current understanding of motivational and affective causes and consequences of small group processes and behaviors. Theories on the approach and avoidance systems of motivation state that these systems are active in the presence of potential positive or negative outcomes, respectively. In many instances, groups are associated with rewards and are perceived to facilitate positive outcomes (“strength in numbers”), and are a source of security and thought to reduce the occurrence of negative outcomes (“safety in numbers”). Accordingly, group membership and interaction should impact activation of group members’ approach and avoidance motivation systems. Thus, systematic group influences on mood, information processing, perceptions, attention, and behavior should be expected. The integration of approach and avoidance theories with small group research can potentially broaden our knowledge of the group experience, and lead to a theoretical framework for investigations of goal-directed behaviors in group settings.     

两汉经学的式微与魏晋玄学的孕育--论王符《潜夫论》治道思想的历史地位

王符《潜夫论》治道思想的历史地位在两汉经学的式微与魏晋玄学的孕育中得以显现出来,其表现有三：一是其治道思想作为社会批判思潮的代表性;二是其所关注时代问题的转变,围绕本末、名实、才性诸问题而展开;三是王符治道思想中所彰显出的人本理性精神。     

亲子鉴定:科技维护家庭伦理存在的道德悖论

亲子鉴定对于维护家庭应有的婚姻观念和伦理关系的积极意义是不言而喻的;但同时也带来一系列需要引起注意的新问题,如强化了男子亲权的意义而忽视了女子亲权的意义、强化性关系的生理和血缘伦理意义而弱化了性关系的社会伦理意义,容易因诱发和助长夫妻间的不信任情绪而导致婚姻和家庭信任危机等;因此,国家和社会应当对亲子鉴定进行必要的引导和限制。     

儿童自我延迟满足能力发展的研究

延迟满足是一种心理成熟的表现,专指一种甘愿为更有价值的长远结果而放弃即时满足的抉择取向,以及在等待期中展示的自我控制能力。本文通过论述儿童的自我延迟满足能力的发展的特点以及影响其自我延迟满足能力的发展的因素,探索了如何教育儿童自我延迟满足能力的有效途径,对幼儿健康成长和发展具有一定的指导作用。     

环境污染对人的心理效应

本文从环境心理学的角度论述了环境污染可以通过作业环境、室内环境、生态环境对人的心理行为产生影响;也可以通过遗传变异导致出生缺陷,或直接损伤身体等原因对心理和行为产生影响,并且提出了心理干预的应对措施。     

城市“空巢”家庭特征分析

在城市化进程中,家庭空巢化正在成为一个热点问题。空巢老人是老年人中有独特需要的群体,极易产生各种身心问题。影响家庭空巢的因素很多,既有来自人口内部结构的因素．也有来自观念、社会、经济等方面的原因,并且在人口、经济、生理、休闲方式上有着独特的特征。空巢家庭的养老问题有着很大风险,因此养老模式的探讨也是一个值得关注的问题。     

How does evidence-based practice in psychology work? – As an ethical demarcation

Evidence-based practice in psychology (EBPP) is ordinarily understood to demarcate between legitimate and illegitimate psychotherapy practice, based upon the epistemic demarcation distinguishing scientific from non-scientific knowledge. EBPP emphasizes the value of effective and efficient interventions identified through randomized controlled trials and cost-benefit analyses. Basing the template for choice of action or strategy on randomized controlled trials and cost-benefit analyses create a deceptive appearance of ethical neutrality. However, there is an implicit ethical demarcation at work in EBPP, which favors a non-articulated specific position in normative ethics. More particularly, evidence-based practice in psychology is structured according to a utilitarian framework, severely limiting the kinds of ethical perspectives available to assess psychotherapy practice. The latter point is illustrated through a new mode of delivering psychotherapy services called “Internet-based guided self-help” (IBGSH). In EBPP the only relevant ethical question is to what extent any intervention, such as IBGSH, is effective and efficient. Some of the limiting effects of the ethical, utilitarian, demarcation are showcased by presenting three alternative ethical perspectives by which psychotherapy practice in general and IBGSH in particular can be analyzed. The analysis concludes that EBPP is not suited to ethically regulate the practice of psychotherapy.