胶囊内镜阅图技巧与哲学思维

胶囊内镜开创了内镜新纪元,为临床医生了解小肠疾病提供了有力的武器。然而,该技术进入临床时间尚短且尚未普及,很多阅图诊断问题仍然困扰着很多医生。作者试图将自己在胶囊内镜诊断中的技巧、经验、教训以哲学思维进行归纳总结,希望能为胶囊内镜的诊断技术普及、提高起到抛砖引玉的作用。     

运动预防骨质疏松症的哲学思考

从运动角度对骨质疏松的防治进行哲学思考,指出在临床实践指导中,医务工作者要做到运动与骨质疏松者的有机结合,应从以下几个方面进行着手;（1）运动预防骨质疏松具有普遍性;（2）运动是预防骨质疏松的关键;（3）为骨质疏松患者,制定个体化运动方案。     

凋谢的大脑——烟雾病诊治中几个问题的思考

烟雾病在我国的报道逐渐增加,其致残率高,预后差,严重影响患者的生命和健康。本文结合今年来的有关研究文献,就烟雾病的命名、形成机制、诊断及治疗等方面的研究做一综合性的介绍。     

应用批判性思维法探讨内分泌学临床思维的建立

应用内分泌学中常见的肾上腺皮质腺瘤所致原发性醛固酮增多症,甲状腺功能减退所致垂体腺瘤样增生等。典型病例探讨批判性思维法做为一种重要的思维方式,在内分泌学复杂的临床诊疗过程中的应用,力争做到思维与客观实际相一致,逐渐培养科学的内分泌学临床思维模式。     

Allusive thinking (cognitive looseness) and the propensity to perceive “meaningful” coincidences

This study aimed at evaluating relations between the disposition to make “meaningful” associations between random events and potentially predisposing factors related to a more “loose” cognitive control, that is, loose associative processing (allusive thinking) and poorer inhibition of irrelevant memory content. As the findings of this study suggest, individuals with a higher disposition to perceive coincidences produced a higher rate of unusual associations in the Bridge-the-Associative-Gap test than low scorers, and showed poorer inhibition of no longer relevant memory content in the Recent Probes Task. These relationships were independent from individual differences in paranormal belief. Performance in a random generation task (Mittenecker Pointing Test) yielded no support for an important role of a biased concept of randomness in the perception of coincidences. The findings suggest that common mechanisms may underlie the propensity to perceive meaningful coincidences, cognitive looseness, and positive schizotypy.     

个体自我监控能力、思维品质与数学学业成绩的关系研究

对197个高三生施测《中学生数学学科自我监控能力问卷》和《高三学生数学思维品质问卷》,以探讨个体自我监控能力、思维品质对数学学业成绩的影响模式。结果:(1)自我监控能力与思维品质、数学学业成绩均呈显著正相关。(2)在自我监控能力、思维品质对数学学业成绩的影响模型中,自我监控能力直接影响数学学业成绩,并通过思维品质这一中介变量作用于数学学业成绩。思维品质直接影响数学学业成绩。(3)女生组与男生组的自我监控能力、思维品质与数学学业成绩的结构系数的模型无显著差异。     

Seeing love, or seeing lust: How people interpret ambiguous romantic situations

Interpreting ambiguous situations is a task individuals face on a daily basis. In romantic contexts the accurate interpretation of these situations is of particular importance. In the present set of studies we investigated how level of construal guides individual perception in these cases. When a high level of construal was induced participants likely interpreted a given interpersonal situation as the start or the continuation of a long lasting relationship. When a low level of construal was induced the same situations were more likely interpreted as leading to a one-night stand (in a dating situation) or involving little chance of a common future for both actors (in a break-up situation). In sum, the present studies demonstrate construal level to be a crucial determinant of the interpretation of ambiguous romantic situations. We discuss these findings in relation to the functional independence of love and sex, level of construal, and social perception.     

The paradox of moral focus

When we evaluate moral agents, we consider many factors, including whether the agent acted freely, or under duress or coercion. In turn, moral evaluations have been shown to influence our (non-moral) evaluations of these same factors. For example, when we judge an agent to have acted immorally, we are subsequently more likely to judge the agent to have acted freely, not under force. Here, we investigate the cognitive signatures of this effect in interpersonal situations, in which one agent (“forcer”) forces another agent (“forcee”) to act either immorally or morally. The structure of this relationship allowed us to ask questions about both the “forcer” and the “forcee.” Paradoxically, participants judged that the “forcer” forced the “forcee” to act immorally (i.e. X forced Y), but that the “forcee” was not forced to act immorally (i.e. Y was not forced by X). This pattern obtained only for human agents who acted intentionally. Directly changing participants’ focus from one agent to another (forcer versus forcee) also changed the target of moral evaluation and therefore force attributions. The full pattern of judgments may provide a window into motivated moral reasoning and focusing bias more generally; participants may have been motivated to attribute greater force to the immoral forcer and greater freedom to the immoral forcee.     

Counterfactual thinking and false belief: the role of executive function

The purpose of the current study was to examine further the relationship between counterfactual thinking and false belief (FB) as examined by Guajardo and Turley-Ames (Cognitive Development, 19 (2004) 53-80). More specifically, the current research examined the importance of working memory and inhibitory control in understanding the relationship between counterfactual thinking and FB. Participants were 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds (N = 76). Counterfactual thinking statements generated accounted for significant variance in FB performance beyond age and language. Working memory and inhibitory control each partially mediated the relationship between counterfactual thinking and FB performance. The maturation of executive functioning skills is important in children’s developing understanding of counterfactual reasoning and FB.     

‘Protective donation’: When refusing a request for a donation increases the sense of vulnerability

May refusing a request for a donation be conceived as ‘tempting fate’? Do people feel more vulnerable when they do not comply with such a request? In this paper we examine the link between subjective perceptions of vulnerability and people's willingness to help address a threatening cause. Results of five studies, examining a real life situation, hypothetical scenarios and a controlled lab game with actual monetary costs and rewards, show first, that deliberately helping is positively correlated with the perceived likelihood of becoming a victim of the same misfortune. Second, we show that refusing to donate to a threatening misfortune increases sense of vulnerability. Both phenomena occur especially for people with strong belief in a just world, who believe in a causal relationship between people's behavior and their fortune (rewards and punishments).