生前预嘱设立与实施的德国经验及借鉴

德国民法典规定生前预嘱的设立人应当是有决定能力的成年人,但是“成年人”的限制受到质疑。有效的生前预嘱应当包含双重内容,即治疗状况描述和医疗救治措施。这两项内容要满足确定性要求,否则生前预嘱不发生效力。在生前预嘱实施阶段监护人或委托人和医生要审查,是否存在生效力的生前预嘱,生前预嘱中确定的内容是否符合病人的生命情势和医治情势,设立人在生前预嘱中作出的“同意”或者“不同意”是否符合他当下的真实意思。德国生前预嘱立法的经验可以为我国提供借鉴：转变传统观念、加强基础理论研究、开展学科交叉研究。     

脑死与放弃治疗

符合医学标准又为亲属认定已死亡者,理应放弃治疗;符合脑死亡标准,应说服亲属同意作放弃治疗决策;对已确无救治希望,或虽经抢救治疗必然发生植物生存状态的极重病例,或已是植物生存状态者,也应作出放弃治疗的决策,除遵循医学原则和生命的价值、伦理原则外,要充分尊重病重的意志。放弃治疗的决策还应考虑到亲属的心理承受问题。     

Responsibility, Passion, and Sin: A Reassessment of Abelard's Ethics

This article reassesses Peter Abelard's account of moral intention,or, better, consent, in light of recent work on his own thought and on the twelfth-century background of that thought. The author argues (1) that Abelard's focus on consent as the determining factor for morality does not rule out, but, on the contrary, presupposes objective criteria for moral judgment and (2) that Abelard's real innovation does not lie in hisdoctrine of consent as the sole source of merit or guilt, but, rather, in his exploration of the ways in which this doctrine affects our understanding of the objective criteria for moral judgment. In particular, Abelard is led by his doctrine of consent to a thoroughgoing reassessment of the moral significance of the passions, which, in turn, leads him to reject the view that actions should be evaluated in terms of the praiseworthy or vicious character of the passions they express.