El fenómeno de la «punta de la lengua» y la recuperación léxica: estudio de sus propiedades en castellano y el efecto de la frecuencia del estímulo

Resumen

En este trabajo se examina, a través de dos estudios, el fenómeno de la “punta de la lengua” (PL, TOT en la literatura internacional) en el idioma castellano. En el estudio 1, 101 sujetos contestaron un cuestionario retrospetivo sobre la ocurrencia de PLs en situaciones naturales cotidianas. Los resultados sugieren que el fenómeno PL constituye una experiencia familiar a todos los hablantes, sucede promedialmente en torno a una vez por semana, es causado frecuentemente por nombres propios, el hablante tiene en mucho casos información estructural relevante sobre la palabra buscada, y con frecuencia los PLs se acompañan de la presencia de otras palabras persistentes distintas de la buscada. En el estudio 2, estos hallazgos básicos resultan replicados en un estudio de laboratorio con 1 (02 sujetos y siguiendo la metodología experimental de Brown y McNeill (1966). Los datos muestran, además, una moderad correlacción negativa de -0.35 entre frecuencia léxica de los estímulos y el número de PLs elicitados por ellos, si bien no sólo las palabras de baja frecuencia son las únicas que causan estados PL. Por otra parte, surge una relación significativa de signo negativo entre la presencia durante un PL de palabras alternativas persistentes y la probabilidad de resolución inmediata del PL. Esta relación apoya la hipótesis del bloqueo sobre el fenómeno PL y los resultados son interpretados desde la perspectiva del modelo de Burke et al. (1991).     

Aplicación de la psicología al estudio de los procedimientos policiales de recuerdo de personas

RESUMEN

En este artículo los autores aportan una visión de lo que se entiende por psicología del testimonio. Condensan los estudios sobre los procedimientos policiales de recuerdo de personas que se desarrollaron simulando las condiciones reales lo más exactamente posible, resaltando la capacidad de la ciencia psicológica en un campo “relativamente” nuevo y, a todas luces, aplicado. Comienzan por delimitar el área y describir los procedimientos policiales más difundidos en los diferentes países, comentando a continuación los resultados de las investigaciones psicológicas sobre los instrumentos genéricamente llamados “retratos-robot” y que, principalmente, han sido realizados en las universidades de Aberdeen (Escocia) y Houston (USA). En el último apartado sintetizan los datos más relevantes y finalizan subrayando la utilidad de la Psicología en este ámbito y la importancia de diseños experimentales cercanos a la realidad.     

Heroes and Mentors: A Consideration of Relational-Cultural Theory and “The Hero’s Journey”

Derived from mythology around the world and over the ages, Campbell’s “The Hero’s Journey” provides a conceptual roadmap for confronting life’s challenges. The way in which clients navigate these challenges may also have a profound effect on their relational development. This article examines The Hero’s Journey through the lens of relational-cultural theory and illustrates ways in which counselors can aid clients in making sense of the struggles they face on their own personal journeys.     

The Needle in the Haystack

Summary

Despite the significant damages in sexual abuse cases, the plaintiff's ability to collect the money awarded in settlement or judgment is often precluded by the limited financial resources of the defendant(s). In this chapter, practicing attorney Julian Hubbard introduces the basics of individual and corporate insurance coverage and reviews the development of very limited coverage in sexual abuse cases in statutory and case law. While direct coverage for sexual abuse injuries is as rare as a “needle in a haystack,” indirect coverage can be found in some cases, especially those in which the acts of negligent individuals other than the perpetrator facilitated the abuse and thus the plaintiff's injuries. After an overview of relevant insurance issues and law, Mr. Hubbard delineates a practical model for research and legal strategies to ensure reaching any available insurance coverage, and explores the benefits and drawbacks of drawing on administrative resources to help pay for survivors' medical and mental health care.     

Lessons from the Natural Course of Complex Posttraumatic Disorders

The natural course of complex posttraumatic disorders typically consists of a gradual “social breakdown.” Sufferers and their partners (e.g., parents, siblings, and lifemates) become increasingly avoidant of opportunities for intimacy. The proposed mechanism for the breakdown is the sufferers' method of testing others' trustworthiness. They test unproductively, repetitively, without closure either way. Partners misunderstand it as manipulation for trivial wants or instigation to replicate old betrayals. Patients often suffer social breakdown despite psychotherapy. Tempted to experiment in intimate relationships privately, outside therapy, they become hopeless faster than gains in therapy can generalize. I present a psychotherapy model to avert this breakdown: Clinicians and patients jointly stage experiments with intimacy in the relationships that matter from the beginning of therapy.     

Response

Abstract

One of the last taboos in the public representation of sexuality seems to be the sexuality of elderly people, notwithstanding considerable changes in their actual levels of sexual activity. Dresen's film Cloud 9 breaks this taboo telling the story of a passionate relationship between two people in their sixties/seventies. The protagonists' differing perceptions of how to live the time that remains to them, and how to acknowledge and realize their desires and the passion of their bodies marked by time and experience, shows the ethical issues implied in the story without providing easy answers. Viewers are left to struggle with these questions, not least because identification with the protagonists is disrupted at the same time as it is encouraged by the film.     

Do cortical midline variability and low frequency fluctuations mediate William James’ “Stream of Consciousness”? “Neurophenomenal Balance Hypothesis” of “Inner Time Consciousness”

William James famously characterized consciousness by ‘stream of consciousness’ which describes the temporal continuity and flow of the contents of consciousness in our ‘inner time consciousness’. More specifically he distinguished between “substantive parts”, the contents of consciousness, and “transitive parts”, the linkages between different contents. While much research has recently focused on the substantive parts, the neural mechanisms underlying the transitive parts and their characterization by the balance between ‘sensible continuity’ and ‘continuous change’ remain unclear. The aim of this paper is to develop so-called neuro-phenomenal hypothesis about specifically the transitive parts and their two phenomenal hallmark features, sensible continuity and continuous change in ‘inner time consciousness’. Based on recent findings, I hypothesize that the cortical midline structures and their high degree of variability and strong low frequency fluctuations play an essential role in mediating the phenomenal balance between sensible continuity and continuous change.     

The relationship between the parents and the premature baby

Abstract

The arrival of a newborn baby confronts the parents with the loss of their own childhood and the process of mourning that this entails. In the case of a premature birth, where the often brutal experience of birth is followed by a forced separation of hospitalization, the situation is even more complicated, making it sometimes difficult for the mother to invest in the baby libidinally. The presence of a psychoanalyst working with the resuscitation team can facilitate the encounter with the parents, the baby, and the caretakers, and can, by “supposing a subject” in the baby, help to restore the bond between mother and child.     

Aggression and commensalism in house mouse: a comparative study across Europe and the near east

Species specific differences of house mouse social behavior compared to its closest relatives (aboriginal species Mus macedonicus, Mus spicilegus, and Mus spretus) have recently been suggested. However, substantial variation of behavioral traits between mouse populations has been also evidenced. Agonistic behavior of laboratory‐born house mice from five commensal populations (Mus musculus musculus: central Czech Republic, Mus musculus domesticus: Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, and natural Mus m. musculus/domesticus hybrids from the Czech part of the hybrid zone) and five non‐commensal populations of M. m. domesticus (C. Syria, E. Syria, Jordan, Iran, Libya) was studied. Dyadic interactions in a neutral cage were performed and the effects of sex and population on time spent by agonistic behavior evaluated. In all studied populations, the male‐male interactions were more agonistic than the female‐female ones. Male‐male behavior gradually increased from the least agonistic population of M. m. musculus from Central Europe to the Near East populations of M. m. domesticus exhibiting the highest scores of agonistic behavior. Between‐population differences were even stronger when female‐female encounters were considered. While females of commensal populations belonging to both M. m. musculus and M. m. domesticus were tolerant of each other, those coming from non‐commensal populations of M. m. domesticus were highly agonistic, reaching even the level of aggression between the females of some aboriginal mouse species. This phenomenon may be attributed to increased competition for food in non‐commensal populations when compared to commensal ones supplied by superabundant resources. Social behavior of house mice, therefore, appears to be pliable rather than rigid and species specific. It can be changed rapidly according to ecological needs and such adaptability allows house mice to colonize various habitats. Aggr. Behav. 31:283–293, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Problem and method: The possibility of comparative study—using “Lun Liujia Yaozhi” as an example

On the basis of general characteristics, comparative studies can be restricted by cross-cultural comparison in a narrow sense. In this paper, I take “Chinese philosophy” as an example to investigate the current problems within comparative studies. However, it is possible to embark on comparative study. “Lun Liujia Yaozhi” 论六家要旨 (“Discussion on the Main Points of the Six Schools”) conducts a successful comparison, from which we can extract the comparative method of “Problem and Method,” and it points directly to the basic structure of survival activities, and furnishes the possibility for cross-cultural comparisons.