Intergroup Contact,Prejudicial Attitudes,and Policy Preferences: The Case of the U.S. Military’s “Don’t Ask,Don’t Tell” Policy

Data from 115,052 active United States military personnel were analyzed to explore links between contact with gay people and attitudes about repealing “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell.” Results showed that prejudice against homosexuals significantly mediated the association between contact and supporting repeal of “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell”; quality of contact in the military was a stronger predictor than other measures of contact. Quality and quantity of contact interacted: more contact quantity had opposing statistical effects on policy attitudes for people experiencing high versus low quality contact. Findings are discussed in terms of contact theory, the association between intergroup attitudes and policy preferences, and practical implications for situations in which groups’ access to new positions or roles is limited, and hence contact opportunities are rare.     

Importancia de la variable «Investigador» en los resultados de las técnicas de autocontrol

RESUMEN

El presente trabajo desea contribuir en alguna medida a un mejor conocimiento de los factores o mecanismos a los que verdaderamente debe su éxito la técnica «paquete» de Azrin y Nunn denominada «inversión del hábito», diseñada para modificar la conducta de onicofagia. Trata de dar una respuesta empírica a la pregunta de hasta qué punto la relación interpersonal que se establece entre el terapeuta y el cliente—elemento accidental en esta técnica—influye en los resultados. Han participado en la experiencia como sujetos 36 mujeres con un arraigo del hábito superior a un año, divididas en tres grupos: a) Grupo 1, al que se ha administrado la técnica de inversión del hábito; b) Grupo 2, al que se ha aplicado la misma técnica pero con interacciones terapeuta-cliente complementarias; y c) Grupo 2, de control. Los resultados corroboran la elevada eficacia de la técnica encontrada por otros autores pero sugieren, además, que aunque un mayor número de interacciones entre el terapeuta y el cliente parece tener escasa influencia a corto plazo, puede ser un factor decisivo en la consolidación de los resultados obtenidos y para evitar recaídas en el futuro.     

Apego al lugar,identidad de lugar,sentido de comunidad y participación en un contexto de renovación urbana

Resumen

Este artículo se centra en la participación de vecinos en los asuntos locales (actividades en el barrio, implicación en entidades locales, pertenencia a grupos vecinales) para explicar los vínculos socioespaciales (apego al lugar, identidad de lugar y sentido de comunidad) que ocurren a nivel de barrio. La relación de la participación con el apego al lugar y el sentido de comunidad es explorada en barrios en los que se está llevando a cabo un proceso participativo de regeneración urbana inserto en el programa “Quiero mi barrio” promovido por el Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo chileno. Se seleccionaron cinco barrios (Valparaíso e Illapel, Chile), en los que se aplicaron escalas de apego al lugar, identidad de lugar, sentido de comunidad y participación a una muestra de 995 personas. Los resultados muestran que la participación local está relacionada con el apego al lugar a través del sentido de comunidad.     

The Call of the Wild Woman

Abstract

Women have a longstanding and unique connection to healing and health care. The feminine perspective, however, has been discounted and decimated through the last 600 years. Now general social and political changes, as well as increasing numbers of women practitioners in health and mental health, are leading to a re-emergence of the feminine perspective in addressing women's needs and in providing health care. This paper traces some of the elements in the history of women and their influences on present day models of health care. It emphasizes women's roles as healers, as patients and as crafters of a new synthesis of health care delivery in the 21st century.     

‘If I knew where the enemy,or even Germany was,we could have fired in that direction’: Bion's experience of war

The role of a child psychotherapist's gender is not often considered in terms of treatment outcome. This paper discusses how aspects of being a male child psychotherapist influenced the successful treatment of a very young boy with Asperger's Syndrome. The paper highlights how the nature of his very early relationship with his mother and the absence of his father were the basis of his difficulties resulting in that diagnosis. It shows that his desire to seize the opportunity of working with a male enabled him to understand his feelings about his father, why it was so difficult to want to be with him and not his mother, and why he could not be without her.

Le rôle joué par le sexe du psychothérapeute d'enfants dans les effets du traitement est rarement pris en compte. Dans cet article, l'auteur montre qu'à un certain niveau le fait d'être un psychothérapeute homme eut une influence sur la réussite de la thérapie d'un très jeune garçon présentant un syndrome d'Asperger. Selon l'auteur, la nature de la relation précoce entre ce petit garçon et sa mère, ainsi que l'absence de son père, étaient à l'origine des difficultés qui conduisirent à ce diagnostic. Il montre que le désir de l'enfant de se saisir de l'occasion ainsi offerte de travailler avec un homme lui permit de comprendre trois éléments essentiels : ses sentiments à l'égard de son père, la raison pour laquelle il lui était tellement difficile de vouloir être avec lui plutôt que de rester avec sa mère, et ce qui faisait qu'il ne pouvait pas se passer de celle-ci.

Die Rolle des Geschlechts des Kindertherapeuten wird nicht oft bezüglich des Behandlungsergebnis in Betracht bezogen. Dieser Artikel diskutiert, wie Aspekte dessen, ein männlicher Kindertherapeut zu sein, die erfolgreiche Behandlung eines sehr kleinen Jungen mit Asperger Syndrom beeinflussten. Der Artikel unterstreicht, wie die Art seiner frühen Beziehung zu seiner Mutter und die Abwesenheit seines Vaters die Grundlage seiner Schwierigkeiten bildeten, die zu dieser Diagnose führten. Es zeigt, dass sein Wunsch, die Gelegenheit zu ergreifen, mit einem Mann zu arbeiten, ihm ermöglichte, seine Gefühle seinem Vater gegenüber zu verstehen, warum es so schwierig war, mit ihm und nicht seiner Mutter sein zu wollen und warum er nicht ohne sie sein konnnte.

Riassunto: Il ruolo che gioca il sesso dello psicoterapeuta infantile non è solitamente considerato in relazione al risultato del trattamento. In questo articolo si discute come il fatto di avere un terapeuta maschile abbia influenzato per certi aspetti il risultato positivo del trattamento di un bambino molto piccolo che soffriva della Sindrome di Asperger. L'articolo illustra come la natura della sua primissima relazione con la madre e l'assenza del padre furono alla base delle sue difficoltà che portarono alla diagnosi. L'articolo mostra come il desiderio del bambino di lavorare con un terapeuta maschile gli ha permesso di capire i suoi sentimenti verso il padre, perché era così difficile voler restare con lui e lo stesso non succedeva con sua madre, e perché non poteva restare senza di lei.     

Jean Baker Miller,MD, Visionary Pragmatist

ABSTRACT

Jean Baker Miller’s 1976 book, Toward a New Psychology of Women, was an overnight success. It struck a deep chord in many women because it was based on listening to women’s stories. Instead of seeing women through the lens of male psychology with its emphasis on separation and autonomy, Jean suggested that relationships are central to women’s experience of themselves and the world. Traits that were typically pathologized (needing other people, attending to the messages of emotions, wanting to participate in growth fostering relationships for all involved) were revisited by Jean and her colleagues who discovered strengths where others had seen weakness. The resulting work is known as Relational-Cultural Theory (RCT) and has offered new understandings of women’s and men’s development with a special emphasis on the impact of power and marginalization on personal and collective wellbeing. Jean’s work is carried forward by members of a collaborative group with whom Jean worked for many years. RCT theorists have written and edited over 20 books, 115 works in progress, and numerous chapters and articles that continue to elaborate on Jean’s groundbreaking work. RCT is applied to both clinical and social justice settings. Jean was devoted to contributing to the creation of a more just society.     

中西早期的“适度”思想及适用范围的扩展——从人间伦理到生态伦理

此文从中西“中道”和“中庸”的翻译和理解入手,进而讨论和比较了中西“中道”和“适度”思想的一些相近内涵和意义层面,主张把主要是作为人间伦理的“适度”观念引用到生态伦理之中,以建立人与自然的和谐关系。     

阶层流动的“双刃剑”效应及其心理机制

阶层流动是指人们在社会分层体系中相对位置的变化。人们普遍预期,向上流动促进个体发展和社会进步。然而近期研究也表明,向上流动还可能损害个体健康和主观幸福感,使人们低估和容忍社会不平等,并反对再分配。地位认同、贫富归因倾向以及系统公正信念能够解释向上流动的双刃剑效应。未来研究需要进一步澄清向上流动感知的具体表现,深入考察向上流动影响的心理机制,探索促进阶层流动积极效应发挥的干预方法。     

Predatory aggression in lines of wild mice selected for interfemale aggression

Mice descending from lines previously selected for high and low levels of interfemale aggression and from a nonselected control line were exposed to live crickets on two consecutive test days. Latencies both to attack and to eat the cricket were recorded. No line or sex differences in attacking were found, although latency to attack decreased over test days. Control line mice were more likely to engage in the eating of the cricket than either the high or low selected lines, suggesting that the selection procedure may have dissociated attacking and eating components of predatory behavior.     

Genotype and environment in the social interactions of wild and domestic “Norway” rats

Wild rats, Rattus norvegicus, (a) trapped as adults or (b) of the second generation in captivity (lab-wild), and domestic rats of two strains, were studied for 28 days in artificial colonies in large cages with attached nest boxes. Controls were kept in mated pairs in small cages. Each colony consisted of six males and six females. The interactions of the males in six colonies of trapped rats were highly “stressful;” 61% died; and most of the survivors lost weight and had greatly enlarged adrenals. In each colony, however, there was a male (an alpha) that gained in weight and spent much time, during the dark hours, in the open on the floor of the cage; and in three colonies there were also other males (“betas”) that gained in weight. The adrenals of alphas and betas weighed about the same as those of the controls. In one of the 12 colonies of domestic rats one male behaved like a wild male; but in the other colonies the males gained in body weight and their adrenal weights resembled those of the controls. In three colonies of lab-wild rats 22% of the males died, but there was no evidence of males of different status. The findings confirm that the “agonistic” behavior of domestic rats is usually much attenuated in comparison with that of the wild type; a number of methodologic implications are discussed.