中国传统文化中的和谐思想对构建和谐世界的启迪

和谐世界理念有着深厚内蕴和巨大张力的重要原因之一就是它蕴含着中国优秀传统文化的“和而不同”、“天人合一”、“天下为公”、“实现大同”等和谐思想。要构建和谐世界,必须继承民族传统文化的精神、借鉴和吸收人类先进文化。     

分数认知的“整数偏向”研究:理论与方法

整数偏向普遍存在于分数认知中,它指儿童在应用分数知识时,常使用先前形成的有关整数的独立单元计数图式来解释分数的倾向。学者们提出了先天约束假设、未分化量假设和学习的负迁移假设分别从先天和后天角度对其成因做了解释。以往研究常采用纸笔测验或口语报告揭示它的存在,近年来有研究采用了心理数字线假设的相关效应考查了成人的整数偏向,使其研究方法和被试得以扩展。在该领域,今后应在定义、理论解释、研究方法以及教学干预方面加强研究。     

系统思维在糖尿病防治中的应用

随着人们生活水平的提高,糖尿病日益成为威胁人类健康的主要疾病。在整体观的指导下,人们对于糖尿病采取综合全面的治疗。同时,整体优化的原则在防治中被充分运用。近年来,我国建立了2型糖尿病发病因素分析方式与概率预测模型。     

中西医结合的现状与思考

根据中西医结合的现状,分析中、西医学的可结合性;从中西医学的“共通”点,根据临床结合已取得较好成果的客观事实,从能结合宏观与微观的“黑箱方法”这一角度,通过分析人健康状态时的输入变量、输出变量和疾病状态时的输入变量、输出变量之间的关系,浅析中西医结合切入点,并提及未来医学发展的整体性方向。     

The role of the regular teacher in a whole school approach to guidance counselling in Ireland

A whole school approach to guidance counselling has been promulgated by Irish policy-makers as a model of good practice in the delivery of guidance counselling in the post-primary sector since the 1998 Education Act (DES, 2005a, 2009, 2012). This approach to guidance counselling provision is viewed as a whole school responsibility where schools are expected to collaboratively develop a school guidance plan to support the needs of their students. The role of the regular teacher in a whole school approach to guidance counselling has received very little attention either in the Irish education system or in empirical research. This article will address this deficit through its discussion of a case study carried out in one school in 2012. It will position the findings from the study in the context of the re-allocation of post-primary guidance counselling provision in the national Budget 2012 that has witnessed the substantive erosion of the guidance counselling service in the last two years.     

Effects of antagonistic and synergistic muscles’ co-activation on mechanics of activated spastic semitendinosus in children with cerebral palsy

ObjectivesMost activities involve co-activation of several muscles and epimuscular myofascial force transmission (EMFT) can affect their mechanics. This can be relevant for spastic muscles of cerebral palsy (CP) patients. Isometric spastic semitendinosus (ST) forces vs. knee angle (KA-F_ST) data were collected intra-operatively to test the following hypotheses: (i) Inter-antagonistic EMFT elevates F_ST, (ii) changes the shape of KA-F_ST characteristics, (iii) reduces the muscle’s joint range of force exertion (Range-F_ST) and (iv) combined inter-antagonistic and synergistic EMFT further changes those effects.Methods11 limbs of 6 patients with CP (mean (SD) = 7.7 (4.7) years; GMFCS levels = II–IV) were tested in 3 conditions from 120° to full extension: ST activated (I) exclusively, (II) simultaneously with an antagonist, and (III) with added activation of synergists.ResultsCondition II increased F_ST (e.g., peak force = 87.6 N (30.5 N)) significantly (by 33.6%), but condition III caused no further change. No condition changed the muscle’s wide Range-F_ST (100.7° (15.9°)) significantly. Therefore, only the first hypothesis was confirmed.ConclusionsCo-activating its antagonist elevates forces of activated spastic ST substantially, but does not change its joint range of force exertion. Added activation of its synergists causes no further effects. Therefore, EMFT effects in CP can be relevant and need to be tested in other knee flexors.     

Fitts’ Law as a Function of System Dynamics and Target Uncertainty

Fitts’ law was found to hold for discrete movements executed by subjects controlling the velocity of a cursor with a control stick. The slope of movement time versus index of difficulty was approximately twice as large as for a comparable position control system. Target uncertainty also increased the slope of total time versus index of difficulty, and this effect is interpreted in terms of adaptive tuning of the human movement system.     

Effect of pre-straining on the size effect in molybdenum pillars

The effect of prior deformation on mechanical behavior as a function of size is investigated for body-centered cubic (bcc) molybdenum (Mo) pillars. Experiments were performed using focused ion beam (FIB) manufactured [0 0 1] and [2 3 5] Mo micro/nanopillars, which were compressed, re-FIB machined, and compressed again. Unlike in bulk materials, pre-straining has a negligible effect on stress–strain behavior of the pillars, suggesting that dislocation storage does not occur in small-scale bcc specimens. The prevailing mechanism behind the size effect is attributed to dislocation nucleation mechanisms.     

Failure mode of isotropic three-dimensional reticulated porous materials under various compressive loads

The failure mode of isotropic three-dimensional reticulated porous materials under compression has been investigated. A mathematical relationship between nominal main stresses and porosity has been derived for this class of materials at shearing failure under various compressive loads from the simplified structural model of an octahedron. These compressive loads cover all three loading conditions, including uniaxial compression, biaxial compression and triaxial compression. The results indicate that (1) the failure mode is relative to the material species of these porous bodies under compression, (2) the porous body of brittle material species will show the tensile fracture mode of pore struts and (3) the porous body of ductile material species will probably display the shearing fracture mode of pore struts. Through a relevant expression, the criterion of strength design can be enhanced for these porous materials under shearing failure caused by compressive loadings.     

探索道路上的十年——“现代小学数学”教学实验

本文是对十年来的“现代小学数学”教学实验的初步总结。实验结果表明:1.把作为主体认识对象的客体(小学数学知识)的建构与对主体对客体认识的发展规律的研究有机发结合起来,这一研究小学生数学思维发展的总体设计是可行的、有效的;2.有意识地揭示小学数学知识内在的辩征关系以萌发小学生的辩证思维,不仅有必要,而且有可能;3.心理学研研人员与教学研究人员和广大教师相结合,是进行教学实验的一条比较理想的途径。