THE VALIDATION OF PROCEDURES TO ASSESS PREVOCATIONAL TASK PREFERENCES IN RETARDED ADULTS

Three severely retarded young adults between the ages of 19 and 21 years participated in a prevocational training program, and worked regularly on six different tasks during the scheduled six-hour day. The study attempted to assess each subject's preferences for the six tasks: collating, stuffing, sorting, pulley assembly, flour-sifter assembly, and circuit-board stuffing. In Phase I, the procedure consisted of randomly pairing each task with all other tasks in a two-choice situation that required the subjects to select one task from each pair combination to work for a seven-minute period. The selection procedure consisted of presenting two representative task objects on a tray and requesting the subject to pick up one object and place it on the work table. The object selected represented the task worked for that period. The 15 possible pair combinations were presented randomly every two days for a period of 34 days to determine the preferences. During the validation phase (Phase II), each subject's least- and most-preferred tasks were paired separately with moderately-preferred tasks. As expected, these manipulations confirmed the baseline data, as choices for the moderately-preferred tasks decreased when consistently paired with the preferred tasks and increased when consistently paired with the least-preferred tasks.     

The Consequences of Terrorism: Disentangling the Effects of Personal and National Threat

The events of 11 September 2001 have led to a higher perceived risk of terrorism in the United States. A better understanding of the political consequences of 9/11 requires a more complete accounting of the nature and consequences of perceived threat. Here, the distinction between perceived personal and national risks is examined in terms of two competing hypotheses: (1) The personal threat of terrorism has a pervasive influence even on national decisions and perceptions, in line with its highly arousing nature. (2) The effects of personal threat are highly circumscribed and overshadowed by the impact of perceived national threat, consistent with findings on the meager impact of self–interest and other personal concerns on public opinion. A survey of 1,221 residents of Long Island and Queens, New York, explored the degree to which personal and national threat affect perceptions of the consequences of, and possible solutions to, terrorism. As expected, there was a clear distinction between perceived personal and national threat, although the two are related. Perceived personal threat did not influence the perceived economic consequences of terrorism, although it had a narrow effect on personal behaviors designed to minimize risk. Overall, the findings imply that the effects of personal threat are circumscribed, consistent with past research on the limited personal basis of political judgments. However, the tests of these hypotheses were constrained by a limited set of dependent variables that included national consequences but not policy solutions designed to limit terrorism.     

Gender Differences in Interest and Knowledge Acquisition: The United States,Taiwan, and Japan

The relationship between interest and knowledge was investigated in a representative sample of 11th grade students from cultures that differ in the strength of their gender-role stereotypes and their endorsement of effort-based versus interest-based learning. Among 11th graders from the United States (N = 1052), Taiwan (N = 1475), and Japan (N = 1119), boys preferred science, math, and sports, whereas girls preferred language arts, music, and art. General information scores were comparable across the three locations; however, boys consistently outscored girls. Gender and interest in science independently predicted general information scores, whereas gender and interest in math independently predicted mathematics scores. Cultural variations in the strength of the relationship between gender, interest, and scores indicate that specific socialization practices can minimize or exaggerate these gender differences.     

职业延迟满足研究述评

职业延迟满足强调人们为了实现长期职业目标, 克服职业生涯中即时满足的冲动和诱惑的选择倾向, 并为审视和解释个体职业生涯发展提供了新的视角。国外研究者一般从工作伦理的范畴来考察职业延迟满足, 而在中国, 职业延迟满足则成为一个明确的组织行为学概念得以发展。虽然国内外研究者从个体、组织和社会等多个层面考察了职业延迟满足的相关因素及其效果, 但由于该领域的研究起步较晚, 现有研究并不深入。未来应重点关注职业延迟满足的本土化研究、概念发展、测量方法的改进, 并纵向研究其对个体职业成长的影响机制与效果。     

影响学生体育学习情境兴趣的主因素研究

本研究以上海市中学生为研究对象,修订了中文版体育情境兴趣量表的信效度资料,构建了体育情境兴趣的模型结构,通过对被试学习过程中情境兴趣的测试与分析,揭示了影响学生体育学习情境兴趣的主因素及其相关关系。研究结果表明： 中文版体育情境兴趣量表具有良好的信度和效度,能较好地解释总体变量;相关与回归分析表明：即时愉悦感是激发体育学习情境兴趣的主要因素,而体育学习内容本身过高的新颖性和挑战性不利于情境兴趣的激发。     

器官移植手术中的医患利益冲突

我国的器官移植手术得到超常发展的重要原因是走了捷径,海归医学人士为我国器官移植手术的开展做出了贡献。但器官移植发展“喜忧参半”。手术背后有医患之间的利益冲突。科学利益和经济利益至上给器官移植的健康发展蒙上阴影。必须加强器官移植的法规建设和管理监督,使我国的器官移植更符合伦理的要求。     

情境兴趣的研究进展

兴趣是一种重要的非智力因素,受到研究者的普遍关注。随着对兴趣的深入研究,研究者将兴趣分为个体兴趣和情境兴趣。其中,情境兴趣因其可被人为地控制和改变而成为国内外教育界的研究重点和热点。本文从情境兴趣的概念、分类、维度及影响因素等方面对情境兴趣的研究成果进行综述。     

《中学生课堂情境兴趣问卷》的信效度检验及应用

以300名高中生为被试,采用问卷法,检验了《中学生课堂情境兴趣问卷》的信、效度,并考察了中学生课堂情境兴趣的特点。结果发现：（1）《中学生课堂情境兴趣问卷》具有较好的信、效度指标,是测量中学生课堂情境兴趣的一个有用工具。（2）中学生在英语、数学与语文课堂情境兴趣上,不存在显著性别差异。（3）中学生在英语、数学与语文课堂情境兴趣上存在年级差异,随年级升高,英语、语文课堂情境兴趣逐渐降低,数学课堂情境兴趣逐渐上升。     

城乡普高生与中职生对未来的规划和态度

以1995名城乡普高生和中职生为被试,采用未来取向问卷(中文版),考察了普高生和中职生对未来的规划和态度的基本特点。研究发现:(1)总体上,普高生对未来教育的投入水平高于中职生,对未来教育和职业目标的实现持更积极乐观的态度。此外,城市普高生对未来教育的探索水平高于城市中职生,但对未来婚姻/家庭的投入水平低于城市中职生;农村普高生对未来职业的探索和投入水平均低于农村中职生。(2)农村青少年对未来职业和婚姻/家庭的投入水平高于城市青少年,且对未来教育目标的实现持更积极乐观的态度。(3)男青少年对未来教育的投入水平低于女青少年,对未来婚姻/家庭的探索和投入水平高于女青少年,且农村男青少年比农村女青少年对未来婚姻/家庭目标的实现持更积极乐观的态度。     

论患者的不真正义务

患者的不真正义务是法律没有规定且医患双方亦没有约定患者必须履行的,医方通常不得请求履行,而其违反也不发生损害赔偿责任,仅使患者遭受权利减损或者丧失之不利益的义务.主要包括患者的披露的义务、遵照医嘱的义务与签字的义务.患者的不真正义务是不同于患者给付义务和附随义务的一种独立义务.患者的不真正义务不应保护医方使其免于承担治疗失当的责任.