Within-session meal-size effects on induced drinking.

As a control for the effects of session duration and hunger on the relation between food magnitude and induced drinking, four food-deprived rats were exposed to a variable-time 50-s schedule of food delivery in which the size of each food delivery varied randomly within sessions. Food-related behavior and schedule-induced drinking per opportunity were examined as functions of meal size and postfood time. All rats showed an inverted-U-shaped relation between drinking per opportunity and meal size. This relation was caused by variation in the percentage of intervals that contained drinking and by variation in the number of drinking bouts per interval, rather than by bout duration or by the amount of drinking within those intervals that actually contained drinking. Head-in-feeder time increased linearly with meal size. Schedule-induced drinking was entrained by food delivery in 3 of 4 subjects; the entrainment was due to regulation of the starting time of each drinking bout rather than to regulation of bout duration.     

EFFECT OF SUPPORTED EMPLOYMENT ON THE VOCATIONAL OUTCOMES OF PERSONS WITH TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

This paper reports the job placement of 5 males with severe traumatic brain injury. An individual placement model of supported employment was used. All individuals were placed in competitive employment and received staggered intervention over time by trained employment specialists. A multiple baseline design across persons was used to evaluate results. All individuals had been unable to work consistently or at all in competitive work environments. The range of wages was $4.25 to $5.00 per hour with an average of 339 hours of employment specialist intervention time required per case. The major problems experienced by employment specialists were insubordinate and disruptive behaviors as well as other inappropriate social behaviors displayed at the job site.     

TEACHING JOB INDEPENDENCE AND FLEXIBILITY TO MENTALLY RETARDED STUDENTS THROUGH THE USE OF A SELF-CONTROL PACKAGE

We examined mentally retarded individuals' use of picture cues and self-monitoring to initiate a series of tasks of varying type and order. Four severely to moderately retarded high school students participating in a vocational training program were trained to use a picture-cue system. The system consisted of photographs of vocational tasks that were inserted in the assigned order in a photoalbum sheet; self-management was accomplished by marking off each photo after its corresponding task was completed. Students were assigned seven tasks from a pool of 13 each day. Results indicated that the students quickly learned to use the picture-cue system to change tasks throughout their workday without trainer prompts and that performance was maintained as trainer feedback and presence were decreased. At the end of the study, two students who were exposed to novel photographs were able to initiate independently after only minimal training, suggesting that the use of the picture-cue system had become a generalized skill.     

Vocational Personality Types in College Engineering Students in Relation to Academic Achievement

This study explored whether and to what extent vocational personality types based on Holland (1994) correlate with and explain unique variance of academic success among 117 undergraduate civil engineering students by using the Self-Directed Search–Form R, 4th Edition. Findings indicated that the majority of participants’ 1st-letter code was Realistic (39.3%), 2nd-letter code was Investigative (24.8%), and 3rd-letter code was Social (21.4%), compared with Holland's 3-letter codes for civil engineering (Investigative, Realistic, Enterprising). The study also calculated the degree of congruence between personality type and occupational environment. For career counselors, the findings underscore the importance of using congruence scores to predict engineering students’ academic performance.     

英国工业化初期的“乡村工业社区”及其治理

"乡村工业社区"是机器大工业在英国乡村地区发展的载体,也是乡村工业化发展和农村城市化的初级形态。工业家是此类社区的创建者和主宰,以家长式的作风管理社区的社会生活,并通过掌控公共权力和举行各种庆典活动来强化自己的权威。这些处于工业家控制下的新兴工业社区成为连接传统农业社会和现代工业社会之间的桥梁。     

家庭功能和生存质量对学生社会责任心的影响：普高生与职高生的比较

采用回归分析和结构方程建模技术探讨了708名普通高中和职业高中学生的家庭功能、生存质量和社会责任心的差异及其关系。结果发现：（1）普通高中学生的家庭功能、生存质量和社会责任心均显著优于职业高中学生;（2）普高、职高学生的家庭功能和生存质量对其社会责任心的预测效应不尽一致,普高学生社会责任心受家庭功能亲密度和适应性两维度及生存质量心理功能和社会功能两维度的复合影响,而职高学生社会责任心主要受家庭功能亲密度及生存质量的社会功能维度的影响;（3）普高学生的家庭功能通过中介变量生存质量间接影响社会责任心,而职高学生的家庭功能直接影响社会责任心和生存质量。     

高职生时间管理倾向与成就动机的关系研究

文章采用《青少年时间管理倾向量表》和《成就动机量表》对贵州省3个高职院校577名学生进行了问卷调查,结果发现,高职男生在时间效能感、时间价值感和时间监控观上显著高于女生;高职生的时间管理倾向与成就动机存在显著相关,其中高职生的时间管理倾向各维度与追求成功的动机存在显著的正相关,与避免失败的动机存在显著的负相关;高职生的高时间管理组在追求成功的动机上显著高于低时间管理组,而在避免失败的动机上低于低时间管理组;时间价值感、时间监控观对追求成功的动机具有显著的预测力,时间价值感、时间监控观和时间效能感对避免失败的动机具有显著的影响力。     

From stratospheric ozone to climate change: Historical perspective on precaution and scientific responsibility

The issue of the impact of human activities on the stratospheric ozone layer emerged in the early 1970s. But international regulations to mitigate the most serious effects were not adopted until the mid-1980s. This case holds lessons for addressing more complex environmental problems. Concepts that should inform discussion include “latency,’ ‘counter-factual scenario based on the Precautionary Principle,’ ‘inter-generational burden sharing,’ and ‘estimating global costs under factual and counter-factual regulatory scenarios.’ Stringent regulations were adopted when large scientific uncertainty existed, and the environmental problem would have been prevented or more rapidly mitigated, at relatively modest incremental price, but for a time delay before more rigorous Precautionary measures were implemented. Will history repeat itself in the case of climate change?     

我国大学生的职业价值观研究

考察从８０年代初期到９０年代中期我国青年学生择业标准的变迁及其原因。同时,探讨了不同职业兴趣类的人在职业价值观上的异同。从而揭示了环境的变化及职业兴趣类型对职业价值观的影响作用。