关键字母法对于英文词汇记忆作用的实验研究

本研究以大学生为被试,以英文单词为实验材料,采用实验室实验法,探讨了关键字母法对于英文词汇记忆的作用。研究结果表明：无论从即时测验的成绩来看,还是从延迟测验的成绩来看,标准关键字母法都能够促进英文词汇的记忆。     

The impact of object type on the spatial analogies in Korean preschoolers

We tested young children’s spatial reasoning in a match-to-sample task, manipulating the objects in the task (abstract geometric shapes, line drawings of realistic objects, or both). Korean 4- and 5-year-old children (N = 161) generalized the target spatial configuration (i.e., on, in, above) more easily when the sample used geometric shapes and the choices used realistic objects than the reverse (i.e., realistic-object sample to geometric-shape choices). With within-type stimuli (i.e., sample and choices were both geometric shapes or both realistic objects), 5-year-old, but not 4-year-old, children generalized the spatial relations more easily with geometric shapes than realistic objects. In addition, children who knew more locative terms (e.g., “in”, “on”) performed better on the task, suggesting a link to children’s spatial vocabulary. The results demonstrate an advantage of geometric shapes over realistic objects in facilitating young children’s performance on a match-to-sample spatial reasoning task.     

Influence of semantic consistency and perceptual features on visual attention during scene viewing in toddlers

Conceptual representations of everyday scenes are built in interaction with visual environment and these representations guide our visual attention. Perceptual features and object-scene semantic consistency have been found to attract our attention during scene exploration. The present study examined how visual attention in 24-month-old toddlers is attracted by semantic violations and how perceptual features (i. e. saliency, centre distance, clutter and object size) and linguistic properties (i. e. object label frequency and label length) affect gaze distribution. We compared eye movements of 24-month-old toddlers and adults while exploring everyday scenes which either contained an inconsistent (e.g., soap on a breakfast table) or consistent (e.g., soap in a bathroom) object. Perceptual features such as saliency, centre distance and clutter of the scene affected looking times in the toddler group during the whole viewing time whereas looking times in adults were affected only by centre distance during the early viewing time. Adults looked longer to inconsistent than consistent objects either if the objects had a high or a low saliency. In contrast, toddlers presented semantic consistency effect only when objects were highly salient. Additionally, toddlers with lower vocabulary skills looked longer to inconsistent objects while toddlers with higher vocabulary skills look equally long to both consistent and inconsistent objects. Our results indicate that 24-month-old children use scene context to guide visual attention when exploring the visual environment. However, perceptual features have a stronger influence in eye movement guidance in toddlers than in adults. Our results also indicate that language skills influence cognitive but not perceptual guidance of eye movements during scene perception in toddlers.     

学困生关于材料特征的元认知知识与应用的实验研究

本研究以62名学习困难学生(以下简称差生或学困生)和63名优生为被试,采用三因素混合实验设计,对优差生的阅读元认知知识及其应用特点进行了研究。结果表明：(1)优生对材料组织特征的元认知知识水平显著高于对词汇难度特征的元认知知识水平,而差生不存在显著差异;(2)九年级学生对材料组织特征的元认知知识水平显著高于词汇难度特征的元认知知识水平;其他年级之间没有显著差异;(3)在实际的阅读过程中,优生进行时间分配的人数显著多于学困生;学习困难学生的元认知知识与元认知控制的联系显著弱于优生。     

Expressive and receptive language skills of temperamentally shy preschoolers

Although shy children speak less in social situations, the extent to which their language skills fall behind those of their more outgoing peers remains unclear. We selected 22 temperamentally shy and 22 non‐shy children from a larger group of 400 4‐year‐old children who were prescreened for temperamental shyness by maternal report, using the Colorado Childhood Temperament Inventory (CCTI). We then compared the two groups on widely used measures that index expressive and receptive language skills. We found that, although the temperamentally shy children scored lower on both expressive and receptive language skills compared with their non‐shy counterparts, they were nonetheless performing at their age equivalency. The non‐shy children, however, were performing significantly above their age level on expressive and receptive language skills. These findings suggest that the development of normal language skills is not compromised in temperamentally shy preschoolers. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

小学低年级儿童口语词汇知识的发展轨迹及其影响因素

以149名小学生为研究对象, 对其口语词汇知识进行了历时3年的5次追踪测试, 采用潜变量增长模型探索了小学1~3年级学生汉语口语词汇知识的发展轨迹, 并考察了语音意识、同形语素意识、复合语素意识和家庭社会经济地位对口语词汇知识发展轨迹的影响。结果发现：(1) 1~3年级学生口语词汇知识发展轨迹呈曲线形式, 其中前两年呈线性发展, 三年级时呈加速发展, 发展速度是前期发展的两倍, 起始水平和发展速度均存在显著的个体差异; (2)语音意识、同形语素意识、复合语素意识和家庭社会经济地位均可以正向预测学生口语词汇知识的起始水平; (3)只有同形语素意识和家庭社会经济地位可以正向预测学生口语词汇知识的发展速度。     

浅谈美国自由文化的具体体现

美国人崇尚自由民主,自美国独立以来近三百年时间里一直贯彻自由民主思想,并以此作为执政理念。本文将从美国人日常生活、自由创词、接纳外来词汇三方面,结合美国历史来分析美国自由文化,并从中吸取优点,发展中国文化。     

注意和记忆对孤独症儿童词汇发展滞后的影响

孤独症语言障碍的表现之一是词汇发展滞后, 可能与其注意和记忆损伤有关。当前研究结果表明, 孤独症儿童在学习词汇时难以利用社会注意提供的有效信息, 且其注意易受到无关刺激干扰, 这可能导致其形成的物体-词汇的联结不稳定, 影响其进一步将这种联结整合到心理词典并保存在记忆中。未来研究应探究联合注意影响孤独症儿童词汇学习的发展轨迹和机制, 儿童的词汇知识对其词汇记忆的影响, 并关注自然场景中孤独症儿童的词汇学习过程和个体差异。     

相似性词汇同时性加工与相继性加工的比较

为考查同时性学习与相继性学习在相似性材料学习中的特点,本研究以57名大学一年级学生为被试,用英语单词记忆测验考查了相似性英语新单词的同时性学习和相继性学习的差异。结果发现,对于相似性英语新单词来说,同时性学习的效果明显优于相继性学习效果。这表明,两种不同的学习方式在信息处理过程和信息加工水平上存在不同。