无聊：一个久远而又新兴的研究主题

无聊是个体由于知觉到生活无意义而产生的负性情绪体验, 它会直接或间接地影响各种社会心理功能。目前, 有关心理健康、社会适应、学业成绩等一系列心理问题的研究已经揭示了无聊的负性作用。但是, 无聊领域的研究还停留在理论探讨和相关研究层面, 概念定义尚没有完全统一, 缺乏系统的理论和完整的模型结构。未来研究可进一步深入探究无聊的作用机制, 并制定有效的干预方案来改善人们的无聊状态。     

视觉运动Simon效应和认知Simon效应的影响因素及机制

Simon效应是指与反应要求无关的刺激位置和反应位置在同侧时, 个体反应更快更准确的现象。对于Simon效应的产生机制, 大多数研究者认为, 在不同实验情境中获得的Simon效应有共同的产生机制。但是, 越来越多的证据显示, 在刺激形式、排列方式、刺激—反应规则以及反应方式等因素的影响下, 存在两种不同性质的Simon效应, 即视觉运动Simon效应和认知Simon效应。视觉运动Simon效应源于刺激位置自动激活其同侧反应所产生的影响, 认知Simon效应源于转译生成的编码间的相互干扰, 两者分别与背侧通路和腹侧通路的加工有关。     

Talker adaptation in speech perception: adjusting the signal or the representations?

Past research has established that listeners can accommodate a wide range of talkers in understanding language. How this adjustment operates, however, is a matter of debate. Here, listeners were exposed to spoken words from a speaker of an American English dialect in which the vowel /ae/ is raised before /g/, but not before /k/. Results from two experiments showed that listeners' identification of /k/-final words like back (which are unaffected by the dialect) was facilitated by prior exposure to their dialect-affected /g/-final counterparts, e.g., bag. This facilitation occurred because the competition between interpretations, e.g., bag or back, while hearing the initial portion of the input [bae], was mitigated by the reduced probability for the input to correspond to bag as produced by this talker. Thus, adaptation to an accent is not just a matter of adjusting the speech signal as it is being heard; adaptation involves dynamic adjustment of the representations stored in the lexicon, according to the characteristics of the speaker or the context.     

单亲家长性别角色类型与子女社会适应的关系——性别角色教养态度的中介作用

在苏州市妇联及社区、街道工作人员的帮助下,采用判断取样,在苏州地区选取458户单亲家庭的父母子女,考察了单亲家长性别角色类型、性别角色教养态度与子女社会适应间的关系,并检验单亲家长性别角色教养态度在其性别角色类型与子女社会适应间的中介效应。结果表明:(1)单亲家长的性别角色类型多为双性化,性别角色教养态度处中上水平,单亲子女的社会适应处中上水平;不同背景变量的单亲子女其社会适应存在差异,单亲家长的户口与性别角色类型在子女社会适应上存在交互作用;(2)未分化及女性化类型与社会适应之间存在显著负相关,且未分化类型与性别角色教养态度存在显著负相关,单亲家长性别角色教养态度在其性别角色类型与子女社会适应两者关系中存在部分中介效应。     

持续性联结及其与丧亲后适应的关系

生者与逝者的关系不会因为死亡而终止, 在逝者离世之后, 生者可能继续与逝者保持持续的、内在的联结, 这被称为“持续性联结”。持续性联结在不同文化中均普遍存在, 已有研究从联结控制点、联结的引发者等维度对其进行分类, 近年来, 持续性联结对丧亲后适应的影响成为丧亲及哀伤研究中的热点。持续性联结与丧亲后适应的关系呈现出复杂且不一致的研究结论。未来的研究应该在本土文化背景下去探索持续性联结的表现及特定意义, 思考持续性联结的分类并编制本土化的测量工具, 与此同时, 应该在理论驱动下去开展持续性联结与适应关系的实证研究。     

享乐适应理论的发展及应用

随着全民关注幸福的时代到来, 享乐适应理论作为研究幸福的钥匙, 引起了多学科的广泛关注。文章首先从享乐适应的内涵、与幸福感的关系、发生机制、减缓方式出发进行文献梳理与评述, 接着重点探讨享乐适应理论在消费行为学、经济学、组织行为学等领域的应用研究, 以期为个体提升幸福感及企业通过提升消费者与员工的幸福感来强化他们对企业的正面认知提供帮助。未来应不断扩展享乐适应理论的应用范围, 重点关注各领域中变动的主体及形式对享乐适应的影响。     

Color‐specific filtering of rival binocular inputs induced by priming1

Abstract: In a situation where the two eyes separately receive two dissimilar images such as a blue square and a red square, the brain is forced to resolve competitive interpretations of the visual inputs. Earlier studies have indicated that adaptation to one of two rival images can control the following competitive perception. Consistent with those studies, the present experiments revealed that immediately after a brief presentation of a color (priming stimulation) to the two eyes, subjects dominantly perceived the other color out of the chromatic rivalry. This effect showed an interocular transfer even if indirect monocular priming was employed, but the filtering out of a primed color did not occur when an unprimed rival image was removed from the other eye. These facts suggest that binocular feature‐detection processes in the human visual system might be responsible for the priming effect on rival images.     

From Fragments to Geometric Shape: Changes in Visual Object Recognition Between 18 and 24 Months

ABSTRACT— Visual object recognition is foundational to processes of categorization, tool use, and real-world problem solving. Despite considerable effort across many disciplines and many specific advances, there is no comprehensive or well-accepted account of this ability. Moreover, none of the extant approaches consider how human object recognition develops. New evidence indicates a period of rapid change in toddlers' visual object recognition between 18 and 24 months that is related to the learning of object names and to goal-directed action. Children appear to shift from recognition based on piecemeal fragments to recognition based on geometric representations of three-dimensional shape. These findings may lead to a more unified understanding of the processes that make human object recognition as impressive as it is.     

老年人社会适应性与主观幸福感的结构关系

该研究通过编制适应老年人的社会适应性与主观幸福感问卷,探讨了老年人社会适应性与主观幸福感的结构关系。结果表明,问卷具有良好的结构效度和内部一致性信度,人际交往适应性和角色转换适应性对主观幸福感各维度具有显著的预测价值,生活自理适应性对积极情感具有显著预测作用,但预测力不如人际交往适应性和角色转换适应性,而社会整体变化适应性对主观幸福感不存在预测的价值。地区差异对老年人社会适应性和主观幸福感结构预测关系存在显著的调节效应。     

极地环境中的心理学研究

极端特殊的孤立与封闭环境向深入南极大陆的科考人员提出了极其严峻的挑战,同时也为心理学研究提供了一个天然实验室。对于南极科考人员而言,多数人越冬期间会在不同程度上经历和承受“越冬综合症”和“四分之三现象”,他们的积极心理经历和体验已经开始受到关注。文章重点介绍了有关南极科考人员可能出现的症状、适应特征、科考人员的人格特征以及站区文化对行为的影响等方面的研究结果,对现有研究存在的问题进行了初步探讨,提出了未来研究将会开展更广泛的国际化合作、聚焦环境、人格和行为三者的关系以及积极心理学在特殊环境中的重要作用等主题