视知觉组织在整体知觉中的作用--脑损伤病人的实验研究

本实验研究大脑损伤如何影响复合图形的整体知觉。三例病人脑损伤部位分别在大脑枕区、顶区、颞区、额区及基底节和豆状核。复合图形被呈现给病人和正常对照被试。强迫选择识别等任务表明,当空间相邻性决定局部图形的知觉组织时,病人识别整体性质的正确率高于(ZD和FL)或略底于(GK)识别局部性质的正确率;当形状相似性决定局部图形的知觉组织时,病人识别整体性质的正确率显著降低,而识别局部性质的正确率受到的影响较小。在同样的任务中正常被试识别整体和局部性质的正确率受知觉组织因素的影响很小。这些结果提示大脑损伤对整体知觉的破坏可能主要通过影响基于形状相似性的知觉组织实现。     

The Comparative Effects of a Modified Self-Questioning Strategy and Story Mapping on the Reading Comprehension of Elementary Students with Learning Disabilities

An alternating treatments design was used to examine the effects of story mapping, a modified self-questioning strategy, and no intervention on literal and inferential reading comprehension of elementary students with learning disabilities. Immediate post-tests indicated that students attained significantly greater comprehension in the self-questioning and story mapping conditions over no intervention. Although students attained similarly high levels of overall comprehension when they used story mapping and self-questioning, students scored slightly higher on inferential comprehension questions in the self-questioning condition. Additionally, 4 out of the 5 students indicated a preference for the self-questioning strategy.     

不同阅读水平儿童汉字音形义联结的研究

以小学四年级儿童为被试,通过音义联结、音形联结、形义联结和音形义联结四项测试,对不同阅读水平儿童汉字音形义的相应联结进行了比较研究.结果表明:(1)不同阅读水平儿童在汉字音、形、义联结强度上存在显著差异.(2)低阅读水平儿童汉字字形表征的模糊影响了他们汉字音形、形义的联结强度.     

From Fragments to Geometric Shape: Changes in Visual Object Recognition Between 18 and 24 Months

ABSTRACT— Visual object recognition is foundational to processes of categorization, tool use, and real-world problem solving. Despite considerable effort across many disciplines and many specific advances, there is no comprehensive or well-accepted account of this ability. Moreover, none of the extant approaches consider how human object recognition develops. New evidence indicates a period of rapid change in toddlers' visual object recognition between 18 and 24 months that is related to the learning of object names and to goal-directed action. Children appear to shift from recognition based on piecemeal fragments to recognition based on geometric representations of three-dimensional shape. These findings may lead to a more unified understanding of the processes that make human object recognition as impressive as it is.     

内隐的可接近信息对FOK判断等级和准确性的影响

该研究使用RJR研究范式,探讨内隐的可接近信息对FOK判断等级和判断准确性的影响。结果发现：FOK判断等级受内隐的可接近信息量的影响,二者呈非单调递增、递减的关系;FOK判断等级随内隐的可接近信息强度的增强而增高;FOK判断准确性随内隐的可接近信息量的增多而降低,并随内隐的可接近信息强度的增强而增高。     

句子理解中抑制不同性质干扰信息的眼动

该研究采用眼动追踪技术和分心阅读范式考察了句子理解中的抑制过程,以及外在干扰信息的性质如何影响阅读中的抑制效率。研究结果发现语义相关干扰词比语义无关干扰词的阅读时间、注视时间更长,注视次数更多。语义无关干扰词比无意义字符串的注视时间更长、注视次数更多。该结果说明阅读过程中干扰信息越有意义,与目标句语义联系越紧密,则越容易被激活,抑制效率也就越低,符合Hasher等人提出的一般认知过程中抑制加工的原理。     

客体复杂度影响工作记忆可存储的客体数目

采用变化觉察范式,以对侧延迟活动（contralateral delay activity,CDA）的幅值为指标,通过操纵记忆刺激的复杂程度,对视觉工作记忆中可存储的客体数目（即工作记忆容量）问题进行了探讨。结果表明,2个复杂客体条件下的CDA幅值与4个复杂客体条件无显著差异,而4个简单客体条件的CDA幅值显著高于2个简单客体条件,即CDA的幅值受客体复杂度的调节。基于该结果推论：并非视觉工作记忆总能存储4个客体,其可存储的客体数目受客体复杂度影响。     

消失文本条件下注视点右侧词对中文阅读影响的眼动研究

采用消失文本范式,考察在中文阅读过程中注视点右侧词对阅读的影响。实验一发现,若读者所注视的双字词及其右侧词在80ms后同时消失,则会对其正常阅读产生干扰。实验二排除了当前注视词消失可能存在的效应,即让右侧词在80ms后单独消失,结果仍发现会干扰正常阅读。另外,在两个实验中均发现了显著的词频效应。这些结果不仅支持眼动的认知控制模型,还证实注视点右侧词的加工对顺利阅读具有重要性。     

Environmental representations of local communities' spokespersons in protected areas

Despite the popularization of the environmental discourse, rural environmental belief‐systems should not be viewed as homogenous. Focusing on the largest protected area in Greece, we examined heterogeneity in local environmental views. Local spokespersons elicited word associations to two stimulus terms, namely, ‘environmentalists’ and ‘protected area’. Based on association categories for both terms, we identified two sample segments. ‘Naturalists’ appealed to a naturalistic image, which shaped the core compartment of their representations. On the other hand, ‘skeptics’ provided both environmentalist claims and critical accounts. Our findings revealed that the environmental discourse was widely diffused among local spokespersons. Issues of power and participation in decision‐making processes within protected areas are discussed. For instance, dimensions of power and legitimacy were reflected in the frequency of association categories and their allocation among sample segments. Specifically, environmentalist accounts were overtly expressed by both ‘naturalists’ and skeptics, while a more socially, politically and critically inclined view was revealed by a small percentage of associations that were all elicited by ‘skeptics’. We conclude that appreciating the heterogeneity of rural environmental views can reinforce the democratic mandate in environmental policy‐making. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

视觉掩蔽研究现状及展望

视觉掩蔽是指某个物体因另一在空间或时间上与其相邻的物体的呈现而导致可见度降低的现象。目前,掩蔽的研究集中于那些涉及到特征、目标和场景表征,注意控制机制,以及现象知觉有关的加工等。该综述主要介绍了视觉掩蔽的概念和范式,研究的典型现象及参数,并介绍了相关的神经科学研究,概述并评论了4类重要的视觉掩蔽理论模型：知觉修正、双通道、边界轮廓系统以及目标替换。最后讨论了目前视觉掩蔽研究遇到的一些困难和挑战,包括刺激与任务的不统一带来的影响、神经科学方法的局限性以及模型模拟的复杂性,并从神经意识相关、功能性观点与模型发展三方面对视觉掩蔽未来的研究方向进行了展望。