癔病：疾病史叙事与思想史钩沉

近年来,医学史叙事的多元化探索正在逐渐成型。癔病,一个古老的疾病,如今已不再是研究热点。对癔病进行了多维的历史叙事,还原了19世纪癔病研究的热络情境,引出癔病命名的荒诞性,诊疗与干预的或然性,折射出精神分析学说的兴衰,透过当代影像叙事凸显了社会文化对癔病的重审,例举了它不同于传统的歇斯底里表现的新类型、新境遇,展现了叙事医学对于癔病本质认知的新视界,缘此揭示出疾病与疾苦、正常与异常等哲学范畴的永恒思辨。

     

国内外助人者替代性创伤研究的可视化分析

为了解国内外助人者替代性创伤的研究热点及发展趋势,运用可视化软件VOSviewer对Web of Science、知网、万方数据库建库至2022年收录的相关文献进行信息挖掘与梳理。结果显示,当前国内外热点主题多聚焦于替代性创伤的影响因素、干预机制及各类助人者的替代性创伤,新冠疫情下助人者的替代性创伤是国内外近期共有的研究前沿。国外替代性创伤研究起步早,研究对象覆盖广泛,研究方法多元化,注重对替代性创伤的概念、机制,助人者替代性创伤体验等进行研究。而国内相关研究数量较少,重点关注特定情境下助人者的替代性创伤。

     

眼见为实?视觉搜索的证实反应与策略反应

为检验视觉搜索加工过程中目标驱动与刺激驱动的制约关系,本研究采用视觉搜索范式,操作靶目标颜色与样例颜色是否匹配,以及搜索刺激集的样例颜色比例两个搜索难度变量;并根据靶目标兴趣区注视点情况,把搜索策略划分为证实反应与策略反应。结果表明,在搜索难度增加时,证实反应的比例下降,而策略反应的比例上升,这表明搜索策略的转换优化了注意选择功能。     

The influence of an emotional processing strategy on visual threat detection by police trainees and officers

Threat detection is an important skill for police officers, but few studies have examined the impact of processing strategies on this ability. The first aim of our study was to compare the visual detection of threatening and neutral targets in 38 police trainees and 53 police officers. The other aims were to examine the effect of emotional or semantic strategies on this process and the effect of psychopathological symptoms. In a visual search task, participants had to detect a threatening or neutral target among neutral distractors. Participants answered a question used to induce a more emotional or semantic processing strategy. Results revealed that threatening targets were detected faster than neutral ones. This effect was enhanced with an emotional processing strategy but unaffected by symptoms. Processing strategy also had led to faster reaction time overall. This study shows that inducing processing strategies can influence threat detection in police trainees and officers.     

视觉负后像对视觉搜索效率的干扰效应

为了探究视觉负后像对视觉搜索效率是否会通过颜色这一特征产生干扰,结合Van Lier后像和视觉搜索范式,通过两个实验考察了负后像对视觉搜索效率的干扰效应,并对负后像填充区域和原始发生区域进行了对比。实验结果表明,在有负后像的情况下,视觉搜索效率明显降低,但是不同颜色之间的差异并不显著;而负后像填充区域的干扰效应要弱于原始发生区域。研究结论对于进一步提高视觉搜索效率的颜色设计以及视觉负后像的新研究方法具有重要的参考意义。     

The Comparative Psychology of Avian Visual Cognition

How do small-brained, highly mobile animals like birds so readily perceive the visual world? Despite the computational complexity of vision, recent behavioral tests have suggested that these evolutionarily distant animals may use visual mechanisms that operate in the same manner as the visual mechanisms of primates. This article reviews new evidence regarding the processes of early vision and object perception in pigeons and considers speculations about the similarities and differences between avian and primate visual cognition.     

Shaping our personal past: Assessing the phenomenology of autobiographical memory and its association with object and spatial imagery

A new instrument has been developed that allows a comprehensive assessment of the relevant dimensions of the phenomenology of autobiographical memories (Assessment of the Phenomenology of Autobiographical Memory, APAM), and their association with visual object and spatial imagery has been examined. An initial version of APAM consisting of 30 items (the first 28 measured on a seven-point Likert-type scale) was developed and administered to a sample of 138 undergraduates. To test whether each item consistently measured the same dimension across different memories, all questions were rated for 12 cues. Results showed that 25 Likert-type items possessed adequate levels of internal consistency and unidimensionality across cues. We also found that higher levels of visual object imagery were associated with more sensory details and recollective qualities of memory, and with stronger experience of sensory and emotional reliving. The theoretical and practical usefulness of APAM as well as the relevance of visual object imagery in the phenomenology of autobiographical memory are discussed.     

A comparison of sources of baseline data for treatments of problem behavior following a functional analysis

It is common practice in research on the treatment of problem behavior to compare levels of targeted behaviors during treatment to levels when treatment is not in place. Some researchers use data collected as part of a multielement functional analysis as the initial baseline, whereas others collect new baseline data following completion of the functional analysis. We evaluated whether the source of baseline data influences the reliability and efficiency of decision-making. Results suggest that similar decisions are made in regard to treatment efficacy using the different sources of baseline data, but using data from a multielement functional analysis as baseline may save time. Interrater agreement was adequate, but lower for some graphs than has been observed in past studies. Several potential explanations for this discrepancy are discussed.     

An expert–novice comparison of feature choice

Perceptual experts have learned to rapidly and accurately perceive the structural regularities that define categories and identities within a domain. They extract important features and their relations more efficiently than novices. We used fingerprint examination to investigate expert–novice differences in feature choice. On each fingerprint within our set, experts and novices selected one feature they thought was most useful for distinguishing a particular print and one feature they thought was least useful. We found that experts and novices often differed in the features they chose, and experts tended to agree more with each other. However, any such expert–novice difference appeared to depend on the image at hand typically emerging when salient or more conspicuous features of a fingerprint were unclear. We suggest that perceptual training ought to direct attention to useful features with the understanding that what is useful may change depending on the clarity of the stimuli.     

情绪和时间辨别任务中视听整合与预先准备效应

本研究分别在时间和情绪认知维度上考察预先准备效应对情绪视听整合的影响。时间辨别任务(实验1)发现视觉引导显著慢于听觉引导,并且整合效应量为负值。情绪辨别任务(实验2)发现整合效应量为正值;在负性情绪整合中,听觉引导显著大于视觉引导;在正性情绪整合中,视觉引导显著大于听觉引导。研究表明,情绪视听整合基于情绪认知加工,而时间辨别会抑制整合;此外,跨通道预先准备效应和情绪预先准备效应都与引导通道有关。