The spatial mapping of concepts in English and Mandarin

ABSTRACT

English speakers have been shown to map abstract concepts in space, which occurs on both the vertical and horizontal dimensions. For example, words such as God are associated with up and right spatial locations, and words such as Satan with down and left. If the tendency to map concepts in space is a universal property of human cognition, then it is likely that such mappings may be at least partly culturally-specific, since many concepts are themselves language-specific and therefore cultural conventions. Here we investigated whether Mandarin speakers report spatial mapping of concepts, and how these mappings compare with English speakers (i.e. are words with the same meaning associated with the same spatial locations). Across two studies, results showed that both native English and Mandarin speakers reported spatial mapping of concepts, and that the distribution of mappings was highly similar for the two groups. Theoretical implications are discussed.     

Structural Equation Modeling of Social Networks: Specification,Estimation, and Application

Psychologists are interested in whether friends and couples share similar personalities or not. However, no statistical models are readily available to test the association between personalities and social relations in the literature. In this study, we develop a statistical model for analyzing social network data with the latent personality traits as covariates. Because the model contains a measurement model for the latent traits and a structural model for the relationship between the network and latent traits, we discuss it under the general framework of structural equation modeling (SEM). In our model, the structural relation between the latent variable(s) and the outcome variable is no longer linear or generalized linear. To obtain model parameter estimates, we propose to use a two-stage maximum likelihood (ML) procedure. This modeling framework is evaluated through a simulation study under representative conditions that would be found in social network data. Its usefulness is then demonstrated through an empirical application to a college friendship network.     

汉-俄双语者阅读俄语文本的空格效应研究

采用EyeLink Ⅱ眼动仪,以汉-俄双语者(15名)和母语为俄语者(15名)为被试,要求他们阅读有空格、删除空格、去空格隔词加粗三种类型词切分方式的俄语句子,探讨不同词切分方式对两组被试俄语文本阅读的影响。结果表明:和有空格条件相比,去空格隔词加粗条件下的平均注视时间和阅读时间更长,注视次数更多,阅读速度更慢;而删除空格条件下的阅读成绩最低。在各呈现条件下,母语为俄语者的成绩都显著好于汉-俄双语者;删除空格后,汉-俄双语者比母语为俄语者的阅读时间更长,注视次数更多,阅读速度更慢。对于像俄语这种有词间空格的语言来说,删除词间空格不仅对母语读者的阅读产生干扰,对于第二语言读者的阅读产生的干扰会更大。汉-俄双语者的俄语水平和俄语文本的呈现方式影响他们的阅读。     

基于多层面模型的教学效能感量表

运用层面理论方法,在参照已有研究的基础上,对10名中学教师进行了开放式访谈,结合已有研究和访谈结果,设计了映射语句,根据层面元素组合,设计项目,编制了教学效能感量表。对200名中学教师进行初测收回有效问卷162份,运用SSA分析技术,对项目质量做了分析,对部分项目进行了删减,并修改了映射语句,再对530名中学教师进行正式施测,收回有效问卷505份,运用SSA和验证性因素分析技术对量表的构想效度进行了检验,发现量表的信、效度较高,量表符合心理测量学的要求,并证明教学效能感结构为二层面雷达图结构。     

记叙文中因果连贯对空间情境模型回溯建构的促进

采用移动窗口阅读技术探讨记叙文理解中因果关系对于空间信息加工的作用。实验1和2的自变量是故事中空间信息与故事结果的因果关系,采用相关样本t检验对不同条件下探测词的反应时进行统计分析,结果表明因果关系不仅会影响文本明确提及的空间信息的加工而且能够促进隐含的空间关系建构情境模型。实验3的自变量是故事中物体与位置词的空间关系,采用相关样本t检验对不同条件下位置探测词的反应时进行统计分析,结果进一步表明空间情境模型是读者为保持故事因果连贯回溯建构的而不是在阅读进程中的实时建构。实验4中空间关系的复杂程度增大,结果发现当故事中空间信息的文本距离较远时即使有保持因果连贯的需要,读者仍无法回溯建构空间模型。     

Religion and space in colonial South America: a technology of geo-political rule and terrestrial-spatial subjectivity in the Jesuit missions of the Banda Oriental

ABSTRACT

Based on a genealogical analysis of documentary evidence, this paper explores the comprehensive technology of geo-political rule that was applied in the missions established and governed by the Society of Jesus in the territories of the Banda Oriental in South America, from the early 17th century to the second half of the 18th century. The interdependent knowledges and practices of the technology – its contested logics of universal conversion, its hard and soft geo-political techniques, its terrestrial-spatial subjectivities – as well as the resistances that opposed the technology’s operation are discussed and conceptualized. These conceptualizations are presented as contributions to the studies on colonial religious governmentalities. The conclusions highlight the relevance of governmentality approaches and meta-institutional analytical perspectives for the study of religions and space and religious geo-politics in past and contemporary societies.     

论心理治疗"此时此地"原则的时空价值

时间空间是连续的,又是间断的,是连续性和间断性统一。很多求助者有意无意地割裂这种统一,只看到他们自已？的过去和未来,就是不看现在,不看“此时此地”。心理咨询与治疗的任务就是帮助求助者把只看过去与未来的眼光,转移到现在。心理咨询和治疗的即时性技术和格式塔疗法,也是让求助者的眼光注意到“此时此地”。     

Teaching 'origins of depth psychology': overview and candidate-members' experience

In 2002 the North Pacific Institute inaugurated a new seminar series on the 'origins of depth psychology' for incoming candidate-members. This approach emphasized the historical and cultural embeddedness of analytic theory, practice and institutions. The seminar was experienced as enlightening and freeing, as well as sometimes painfully disillusioning. The overall feedback indicated that it fostered an opening of creative space for their education as analysts. This paper describes the structure, and some of the rationale and process of the seminar. It includes firsthand expressions of the candidate-members' experiences.     

Dissimilarity cumulation theory in smoothly connected spaces

This is the third paper in the series introducing the Dissimilarity Cumulation theory and its main psychological application, Universal Fechnerian Scaling. The previously developed dissimilarity-based theory of path length is used to construct the notion of a smooth path, defined by the property that the ratio of the dissimilarity between its points to the length of the subtended fragment of the path tends to unity as the points get closer to each other. We consider a class of stimulus spaces in which for every path there is a series of piecewise smooth paths converging to it pointwise and in length; and a subclass of such spaces where any two sufficiently close points can be connected by a smooth “geodesic in the small”. These notions are used to construct a broadly understood Finslerian geometry of stimulus spaces representable by regions of Euclidean n-spaces. With an additional assumption of comeasurability in the small between the canonical psychometric increments of the first and second kind, this establishes a link between Universal Fechnerian Scaling and Multidimensional Fechnerian Scaling in Euclidean n-spaces. The latter was a starting point for our theoretical program generalizing Fechner’s idea that sensation magnitudes can be computed by integration of a local discriminability measure.