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171.
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173.
It has been suggested that focusing on procedures when setting priorities for health care avoids the conflicts that arise
when attempting to agree on principles. A prominent example of this approach is “accountability for reasonableness.” We will
argue that the same problem arises with procedural accounts; reasonable people will disagree about central elements in the
process. We consider the procedural condition of appeal process and three examples of conflicts over coverage decisions: a
patients’ rights law in Norway, health technologies coverage recommendations in the UK, and care withheld by HMOs in the US.
In each case a process is at the center of controversy, illustrating the difficulties in establishing procedures that are
widely accepted as legitimate. Further work must be done in developing procedural frameworks.
The opinions expressed are the authors’ own. They do not reflect any position or policy of the National Institutes of Health,
US Public Health Service, or Department of Health and Human Services. This research was supported by the Intramural Research
Program of the NIH Clinical Center. 相似文献
174.
鱼达 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2008,29(12)
对医学科学领域内存在的和某些一度充斥的唯心科学观的社会表现进行分析,从过程管理和科学方法论的重要性入手,提出防范学术腐败和发展医学科学的方法和措施,从教育和民生的角度探讨医务工作者和社会学家必须关注的医学领域内的唯心科学观,并举例说明医学工作者的科学道德自律和社会责任感的重要性。 相似文献
175.
This study investigated how shallow processing (complexity rating), deep processing (pleasantness rating), and semantic generation (translating from English) of Chinese words affects conscious memory (CM) and unconscious memory (UM) of the words with three implicit tests: word association, word identification, and word-stem completion. A metacognition-based dissociation procedure was used to estimate the two forms of memory for each test. Except for the shallow condition preceding the word-association test, all three study conditions produced a positive effect on the estimate of CM. The estimate of UM did not benefit from any of the study conditions in the word-association test, it benefited from the shallow and deep conditions but did not benefit from the generation condition in the stem-completion test, and it benefited from the shallow condition but did not benefit from the deep and generation conditions in the word-identification test. Implications of these results for CM and UM operations are discussed. 相似文献
176.
Maria João Carvalho Inês Faustino Ana Nascimento Célia Maria Dias Sales 《Counselling and Psychotherapy Research》2008,8(3):166-173
This article reports an effectiveness case study of the individual systemic therapy of a 22‐year‐old Portuguese woman with a diagnosis of paranoid personality disorder, conducted in a university‐based clinic in Lisbon, Portugal. Data were analysed using the hermeneutic single‐case efficacy design, a non‐experimental interpretive approach that aims to determine whether change occurred, whether change was due to therapeutic strategies, and what in therapy caused the change. Results indicate that the treatment was effective and that de‐pathologising Pamina's condition and genogram‐based exploration techniques played a crucial role in her recovery. 相似文献
177.
Ralf Dohrenbusch O. Berndt Scholz Ralf Ott 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2006,28(2):69-77
This study investigated whether conscious and preconscious memory features contribute to discrimination between depressive
and somatoform disorders. Thirty-one participants fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for a somatoform disorder and 28 participants
fulfilling the criteria for depression were examined within the framework of the process–dissociation paradigm using neutral,
health-threatening, and general threatening words in a lexical decision task. Parameters of conscious memory, preconscious
memory, and chance were used to compare memory features of both the groups. There was an inverse relationship between conscious
and preconscious memory effects for health-threatening stimuli in the group of patients with somatoform disorders but not
in the group of depressive patients. Patients with somatoform disorders showed a significantly lower level of conscious memory
for health-threatening stimuli than depressive participants. Compared to depressive patients, a more dynamic relationship
between decreased conscious and increased preconscious memory for health-related stimuli seems to be characteristic for patients
with somatoform disorders. 相似文献
178.
Marilia Aisenstein 《The International journal of psycho-analysis》2006,87(3):667-680
Depending on whether or not psyche/soma is seen as singular or dual, one may construct different systems explaining man and the world, life and death. In the author's view, the discoveries of psychoanalysis offer a perfectly cogent and unique solution to the famous mind/body problem. In transferring the duality psyche/soma on to the duality of drives, psychoanalysis places the origin of the thought process in the body. In Beyond the pleasure principle, Freud discusses the drastic effect of a painful somatic illness on the distribution and modalities of the libido. He provides a starting point for the Paris Psychosomatic School's psychoanalytical approach to patients affl icted with somatic illnesses. To illustrate the technical implications of this theory the author relates two clinical cases. 相似文献
179.
研究视觉分别搜索在左右视野靶时,脑两侧前额叶视觉加工的机制。14名有偿被试参加实验。实验任务是从正圆中所存在的垂直方向的箭头,搜索出水平方向箭头,并判断箭头方向。靶所在左右视野经过镜面处理完全对应。结果发现当靶出现约220ms后左右两侧脑区ERP出现分叉点,靶对侧与靶同侧的前脑区相比有非常显著的负向电位活动,对侧和同侧的N2延续40-80ms。分析认为靶对侧前额脑区N2负向活动增强是注意的等级提高,聚焦点收窄,使所要加工的靶在主效应脑区(靶视野对侧脑区)“跃显”出来,在得到正反馈诱导的同时,也得到更多的资源,靶同侧脑区N2可能与中断或阻止其他无关信息的涌入有关。 相似文献
180.
William M. Baum 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2024,121(1):134-143
When we treat behavior within an evolutionary framework and as temporally extended flow, two fundamental questions arise: (a) What is an organism? and (b) What is behavior? An organism is a process that stays intact by constantly exchanging energy with the environment. It takes in resources and puts out waste. The behavior of an organism consists of those process parts of the organism process that make up the exchange. These activities serve the function of reproducing, which generally depends on surviving. Surviving and reproducing depend on responding to phylogenetically important events (PIEs). A PIE induces activities that enhance or mitigate the PIE. Organisms respond not only to a PIE but also to events that covary with the PIE. Both activities and environmental features may covary with a PIE. When either type of covariance is introduced to an organism, behavior adapts over time. The early stages of adaptation constitute what researchers call “goal direction,” and the later stages constitute what researchers call “habit.” Behavior and environment constitute a dynamic system, and manipulations of the covariances and environmental features of the system allow many experimental interventions. This molar approach allows experiments on goal direction and habit to be understood without appeal to everyday mentalistic terms. 相似文献