短时距估计中的心理影响因素

使用单任务研究程序,预期式研究范式,以产生时距作为反应指标,通过两个实验考察短时距估计中的间断位置、间断时距和提示线索效应,探讨产生时距与等待时距的关系问题,揭示注意和间断期望对短时距估计的影响。研究结果表明, 间断实验中表现出极其显著的提示线索效应,间断位置（等待时距）效应显著,间断时距效应及间断位置与间断时距的交互效应不显著。由此得出：(1)注意是影响被试时间判断的主要因素,被试的产生时距随着等待时距的增加而延长。(2)被试对间断的期望显著地影响其时间估计行为,无间断实验条件下,间断期望有损于时间估计。     

童年中期儿童受欺负地位稳定性与社会能力的关系

本研究以522名小学二、三、四年级的儿童进行间隔1年(两次收集数据)的纵向研究,考察了儿童受欺负稳定性及其与社会能力的关系。结果表明:受欺负在小学儿童中十分常见,但并不是一种很稳定的现象,对大多数儿童来说,受欺负只是一种短暂的经历。在间隔1年的追踪研究中,只有大约6.6%的儿童被连续两次评定为受欺负者。重复测量方差分析发现,儿童的受欺负与社会能力发展有着密切的同时性关联;鉴别分析表明,同伴拒绝、退缩行为是区分儿童受欺负稳定性的两个最主要的社会能力变量。     

儿童欺负/受欺负与同伴网络的关系：p*模型分析

从四所小学的10个班中挑选出高欺负-受欺负班和低欺负-受欺负班,使用p^*模型分析班内朋友关系的网络结构特点及其与欺负、受欺负的关系。结果发现：（1）低欺负-受欺负班级中的同伴关系网络倾向于形成开放性朋友关系结构,如边、2-星、3-星、4-星结构;高欺负-受欺负班级中的同伴关系网络倾向于形成闭合性朋友关系结构,如三角形、孤立者结构;（2）高、低欺负-受欺负班级中,欺负者均处于同伴关系网络的边缘化位置,且所处的关系结构位置与自身欺负水平的关联不显著;（3）受欺负者所处的关系结构位置与自身受欺负水平的关联也不显著,但是在低欺负-受欺负班中,受欺负者倾向处于同伴关系网络的边缘化位置,而高欺负-受欺负班中,部分受欺负者处于边缘化位置,部分受欺负者处于闭合性关系结构的核心位置。     

Impact of Cyber Aggression and Cyber Victimization on Mental Health and Well-Being of Pakistani Young Adults: The Moderating Role of Gender

The present study was conducted to investigate the impact of cyber aggression and cyber victimization on the mental health and well-being of young adults. The sample consisted of 508 young adults, ages ranging from 18 to 25 years (mean±SD = 20.53 ± 1.77 years, 68.5% female). The data were collected from young adults studying at various universities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan. The participants completed the Cyberbullying and Cyber Victimization Scales, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS-21), and The Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS). The results showed a significant effect of cyber victimization on mental health and well-being. After controlling for the effect of age, gender, and residential status (staying at hostel vs. home), the cyber victimization significantly negatively predicted the well-being and significantly positively predicted mental health (i.e., depression, anxiety, and stress). In contrast, cyber aggression appeared to have a nonsignificant impact on both the mental health and well-being of young adults. Furthermore, the moderating role of gender was assessed for the effect of cyber victimization on mental health. The results revealed that the effect of cyber victimization is moderated by gender only on anxiety. Findings suggest that females are more vulnerable to develop anxiety due to cyber victimization as compared to their male counterparts. The findings of the study have important theoretical and practical implications and suggest the inclusion of some gender-specific strategies to develop counseling programs to save young adults from the negative psychological and emotional impacts of cyber victimization.     

Adult Bullying and Primary and Secondary Psychopathic Traits: Insights from a Community Sample

This study aimed to: (a) comprehend the relationship between primary and secondary psychopathy variants and bullying behaviors in adults; (b) to test for mediation effects of the experiences of victimization in strengthening the bonds between bullying and psychopathy; and (c) to explore how far gender and psychopathic variants predict bullying. Results showed that psychopathy (both primary and secondary) and gender (male) significantly predicted bullying perpetrator behaviors. These same predictors were also significant in explaining total involvement with bullying; primary psychopathy displayed, however, better explanatory power. Being a victim of bullying also mediated the relationship between psychopathic variants and bullying perpetrating. The magnitude of the correlations between bullying and both psychopathic variants detected in this study were bigger than the average reported in studies with children and adolescents, which could inform about greater severity of these behaviors in adult life. Specifically, findings from regression analyses suggest that components of cold-blooded psychopathy could be driving the engagement of this sample with aggressive behaviors. Implications of these findings, along with limitations and directions for further research are discussed.     

Redundancy gain for categorical targets depends on display configuration and duration

Redundancy gain is an improvement in speeded target detection when the number of targets associated with a single response is increased within a single display. The effect has been clearly demonstrated with specific targets, but it is not clear if it occurs in categorization tasks with non-identical targets. The current study tested the effect of target redundancy on speed and accuracy in a go/no-go categorization task. Targets were digits tilted 45° to the left, and were displayed in unilateral, bilateral, or central displays for either 1500?ms or 100?ms. Redundancy gain only occurred for brief targets displayed bilaterally in the upper visual field. The results indicate that redundancy gain is possible for categorization tasks with some bilateral configurations, supporting a role for interhemispheric processing in redundancy gain. Additionally, the results may indicate that processing strategies mask redundancy gain when participants can view targets for a long period of time.     

Does self-compassion covary with minority stress? Examining group differences at the intersection of marginalized identities

ABSTRACT

Informed by the minority-stress hypothesis and intersectionality theory, this study examines differences in dispositional self-compassion across diverse youth subject to varying levels of structural and interpersonal discrimination. A secondary analysis of survey data from two suburban high schools in a Midwestern state (n = 1872) found significant differences in rates of exposures to stigma processes in accordance to rates of marginalization as estimated by sexual and/or gender status and racial category (minority vs majority), with a large effect. Sexual and/or gender minority students of color (SGmin) reported the highest rates of stigma experiences including exposure to economic hardship, having an incarcerated parent, not trusting the police, assignment of an IEP and exclusionary discipline. However, white SGmin students reported the highest rates of mental health concerns. Sexual gender majority (SGmaj) students of color reported the highest rates of self-compassion while white SGmin students reported the lowest and the negative relation between bullying and self-compassion was stronger for white SGmin students than for SGmin students of color, suggesting that the latter may have developed ways of coping with multiple stigmatized identities that reflect kindness to the self. As scholars seek to understand the role of self-compassion in resilience processes, we suggest emphasizing the strengths of marginalized youth as well as protecting them from the ill effects of bullying.     

The cyber dating violence inventory. Validation of a new scale for online perpetration and victimization among dating partners

Cyber dating abuse is a new kind of dating violence. Several recent measures assess this phenomenon, but do not focus on a severe aggression that aims to spoil a partner’s relational network (relational cyber abuse). This study developed and validated the Cyber Dating Violence Inventory (CDVI) with 1405 adolescents and young adults (M_age = 18.17; SD_age = 2.39; 65.1% females), an instrument that considers the relational dimension of online dating abuse. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses found two correlated factors (Psychological and Relational) for both perpetration and victimization, showing good reliability. CDVI factors were positively correlated with offline dating violence, showing good criterion validity. This instrument has clinical and educational implications.     

How strongly do word reading times and lexical decision times correlate? Combining data from eye movement corpora and megastudies

We assess the amount of shared variance between three measures of visual word recognition latencies: eye movement latencies, lexical decision times, and naming times. After partialling out the effects of word frequency and word length, two well-documented predictors of word recognition latencies, we see that 7–44% of the variance is uniquely shared between lexical decision times and naming times, depending on the frequency range of the words used. A similar analysis of eye movement latencies shows that the percentage of variance they uniquely share either with lexical decision times or with naming times is much lower. It is 5–17% for gaze durations and lexical decision times in studies with target words presented in neutral sentences, but drops to 0.2% for corpus studies in which eye movements to all words are analysed. Correlations between gaze durations and naming latencies are lower still. These findings suggest that processing times in isolated word processing and continuous text reading are affected by specific task demands and presentation format, and that lexical decision times and naming times are not very informative in predicting eye movement latencies in text reading once the effect of word frequency and word length are taken into account. The difference between controlled experiments and natural reading suggests that reading strategies and stimulus materials may determine the degree to which the immediacy-of-processing assumption and the eye–mind assumption apply. Fixation times are more likely to exclusively reflect the lexical processing of the currently fixated word in controlled studies with unpredictable target words rather than in natural reading of sentences or texts.