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171.
Weatherall D 《Science and engineering ethics》2003,9(1):43-48
Throughout much of the world, universities have driven towards industrial partnerships. This collaboration, which, in the biochemical field at least, has to continue if potential benefits for patients are to be realised, has brought with it a number of problems. These include the neglect of long-term research in favour of short-term projects, the curtailing of free dissemination of research information within university departments and the biasing of results of clinical trials by the financial interests of the investigators. It is very important that governments, universities, and industry itself address these problems. Universities should monitor the amount of basic, curiosity-driven research that is being carried on, compared with that which is more short-term goal orientated. PhD students and post-doctoral fellows should be exposed to the principles of bioethics early on in their careers. Further work is necessary on the terms of research contracts to protect, on the one hand, the rights of individual scientists and, on the other, industry from rogue scientists. Where problems arise, procedures should be in place for independent reviews to be conducted by bodies such as the Medical Research Council in the UK or the National Institutes of Health in the USA. The conflict-of-interest rules recently introduced for publication in medical journals should be extended to all branches of science. 相似文献
172.
Szebik I 《Science and engineering ethics》2003,9(1):109-124
Corruption is a major problem in the societies of the post-communist Central European countries. Corruption in health care
has some unique characteristics undermining the efficacy of and respect for Hungarian health care. One of the forms of corruption
is tipping. This highly contested phenomenon is present in most of the patient/health professional’s interactions in a sophisticated
manner, raising serious ethical and legal dilemmas. The present paper analyzes tipping and other corruption-related factors,
such as financial conflict of interest between industry and health care and argues that since ethical and legal considerations
are often ignored in the country, patient care and clinical research are affected by these controversial issues to a great
extent. 相似文献
173.
Liao SM 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2006,27(2):141-147
In the debate regarding the moral status of human embryos, the Embryo Rescue Case has been used to suggest that embryos are
not rightholders. This case is premised on the idea that in a situation where one has a choice between saving some number
of embryos or a child, it seems wrong to save the embryos and not the child. If so, it seems that embryos cannot be rightholders.
In this paper, I argue that the Embryo Rescue Case does not independently show that embryos are not rightholders. 相似文献
174.
Jafarey AM 《Science and engineering ethics》2002,8(3):353-362
Health research for progress in the control and conquest of disease afflicting man is unquestionable. Concerns arise when
motives other than the advancement of scientific knowledge and benefit for individuals and society are the driving force behind
clinical trials. These conflicts of interests become even more pronounced when dealing with populations rendered vulnerable
by virtue of poverty and ignorance. South Asia with its teeming millions represents one such region. This essay examines the
reasons that make this population vulnerable to exploitation. Informed consent in the process of research is an area where
such conflicts are prone to arise. In order to ensure that conflicting interests of researchers and funding agencies are kept
in check, the processes of informed consent and ethical review of research need to be strengthened. Suggestions are put forward
to modify the consent process to match the needs of South Asia and to strengthen the ethical review process for safeguarding
the rights of the study subjects. But perhaps the most important safeguard against exploitation is the virtuous researcher
himself with noble intentions.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an International Conference on “Conflict of Interest and its Significance
in Science and Medicine” held in Warsaw, Poland on 5–6 April, 2002. 相似文献
175.
Lichterman B 《Science and engineering ethics》2002,8(3):383-386
The author relates conditions for conducting clinical trials in Russia, current experiences of ethics committees, areas where
conflicts of interest can occur regarding publishing the results of clinical trials in medical journals and the state of medical
journalism in Russia today.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an International Conference on “Conflict of Interest and its Significance
in Science and Medicine” held in Warsaw, Poland on 5–6 April, 2002.
The author is a science editor of Meditsynskaya Gazeta. 相似文献
176.
Friedman PJ 《Science and engineering ethics》2002,8(3):413-420
Conflicts of interest have an erosive effect on trust in science, damaging first the attitude of the public toward scientists
and their research, but also weakening the trusting interdependence of scientists. Disclosure is recognized as the key tool
for management of conflicts, but rules with sanctions must be improved, new techniques for avoidance of financial conflicts
by alternative funding of evaluative research must be sought, and there must be new thinking about institutional conflicts
of interest. Our profession is education, and both the public and research professionals of all ages would benefit from greater
understanding of how science should and does work.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an International Conference on “Conflict of Interest and its Significance
in Science and Medicine” held in Warsaw, Poland on 5–6 April, 2002. 相似文献
177.
Byk C 《Science and engineering ethics》2002,8(3):287-290
Recently adopted international texts have given a new focus on conflicts of interests and access to information resulting
from biomedical research. They confirmed ethical review committees as a central point to guarantee individual rights and the
effective application of ethical principles. Therefore specific attention should be paid in giving such committees all the
facilities necessary to keep them independent and qualified.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an International Conference on “Conflict of Interest and its Significance
in Science and Medicine” held in Warsaw, Poland on 5–6 April, 2002. 相似文献
178.
Zilgalvis P 《Science and engineering ethics》2002,8(3):277-281
Conflict of interest is an issue that has been put in the spotlight by the commercial application of the new biomedical technologies.
This paper presents the approach of the Council of Europe and the binding legal instruments to deal with this problem. The
main focus is on the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, and its draft additional Protocol on Biomedical Research.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an International Conference on “Conflict of Interest and its Significance
in Science and Medicine” held in Warsaw, Poland on 5–6 April, 2002.
The views expressed are personal and do not necessarily reflect any official position of the Council of Europe. 相似文献
179.
Baldwin W 《Science and engineering ethics》2002,8(3):469-475
This article summarizes the April 5–6, 2002 conference on Conflict of Interest and Its Significance in Science and Medicine.
Several themes are identified and addressed, including the globalization of science, the widespread presence of conflicts,
the increased interest and involvement in conflict of interest by a number of organizations, the difference between academic
research and research conducted by industry, and the tension between science and medicine. At the heart of the matter lies
objectivity in research and the need for transparency to ensure objectivity. Several future activities were discussed, including
the need to share specific examples of how conflict has been managed, and the need for behavioral research to provide a sound
empirical understanding of the best ways to provide informed consent for research subjects.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an International Conference on “Conflict of Interest and its Significance
in Science and Medicine” held in Warsaw, Poland on 5–6 April, 2002. 相似文献
180.
Tikk A 《Science and engineering ethics》2002,8(3):317-318
An area where conflicts of interest can take place in Estonia is in the conduct of clinical trials. The paper lists the main
areas where such conflicts of interest can occur. The author also briefly discusses Estonia’s current position with regard
to regulating genetic information and the commencement of the Estonian Genome Project.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an International Conference on “Conflict of Interest and its Significance
in Science and Medicine” held in Warsaw, Poland on 5–6 April, 2002. 相似文献