Talking about interest: exploring the role of social interaction for regulating motivation and the interest experience

The Self-Regulation of Motivation Model suggests that the experience of interest is an important source of human motivation and that people often strategically regulate the experience of interest. Previous work based on this model suggests that the social context may influence this process at multiple points. The present research focuses on whether talking to others about an activity experience is one means by which individuals evaluate how interesting that activity is. In Study 1 college students completed questionnaires that asked about real life experiences where working on an activity was more interesting because they worked with others. They described experiences that occurred first in any domain, and then that occurred specifically in the school domain. Results suggested that the more students talked with others about the activity after it happened the more they reported greater interest in the activity after the conversations. In the school domain, this was especially true for Latinos and for individuals who scored higher on the Relational Self-Construal scale. Study 2 employed a lab paradigm to control for the task that individuals talked to others about and to examine whether the nature of listeners’ reactions influenced the speaker’s interest even after the study was ostensibly over. First, replicating Pasupathi and Rich (2005, ‘Inattentive listening undermines self-verification in personal storytelling’, Journal of Personality 73, pp. 1051–1086) college students who talked to a distracted friend about a computer game during the lab session reported a significant drop in interest relative to those who talked to attentive friends, regardless of whether the attentive listeners agreed or disagreed with participants. Importantly, interest ratings at a 4–6 week follow-up were affected by the perceived responsiveness of listeners during spontaneous conversational retellings outside the lab, controlling for interest levels at the end of the lab session. Taken together, results suggest that social interaction plays an important role in regulating activity interest even beyond the immediate activity experience.     

浅议生物医学研究中不同主体的利益冲突

作为医学伦理学研究的重要内容,生物医学研究中的利益冲突问题日益受到公众、研究机构和管理部门的关注。探讨生物医学活动中研究者、研究机构、学术期刊三种不同主体利益冲突的表现、危害及其特点,以期有针对性地促进人们对该领域利益冲突问题的认识。     

Pleasure and interest are differentially affected by replaying versus analyzing a happy life moment

Previous research regarding the effects of thinking about a happy moment on emotional experience has been equivocal. The discrepancies may be explained by different modes of thinking: systematically thinking about a happy moment versus mentally replaying the happy moment. Another explanation may involve the difference between the emotion of interest and the emotion of pleasantness, which are often erroneously grouped together under the broad concept of ‘positive affect.’ We hypothesized that systematically thinking about a happy moment would generate interest, whereas mental replaying would generate pleasantness. In an experimental setting, people who systematically analyzed a happy moment increased feelings of interest, while the level of pleasantness remained unchanged. In the alternative condition, people who mentally replayed a happy moment reported increased interest and pleasantness. At post-intervention, the replay group scored higher on pleasantness, but not on interest, relative to the analyze group.     

Bartering

Summary

This article examines issues related to bartering arrangements in the context of providing professional mental health services. The risks associated with significant conflict of interest in the professional-client relationship and the potential for exploitation of the client are analyzed by examining the interplay of personal, business, and clinical interests in bartering relationships. Professional practice guidelines are suggested.     

我国大学科系职业兴趣类型图初探

为了使ＨＯＬＬＡＮＤ式中国职业兴趣量表实用化,本研究以Ｐｒｅｄｉｇｅｒ关于工作世界图的构想来建构适合我国中学生使用的大学科系职业兴趣类型图。通过各种检验,在理论上获得了支持。     

兴趣对文章理解的作用

研究兴趣对文章理解的作用,其主要目的是：（１）提出一种新的兴趣理论;（２）研究兴趣对文章理解的作用效果;（３）探讨阅读过程中兴趣和背景知识之间的关系。二项实验研究基本证实下列假设：（１）兴趣对文章的理解具有显著的促进作用;（２）兴趣高的读者对所读内容表现出更强的推理能力;（３）兴趣高的读者在阅读中会表现出更高的元认知水平;（４）兴趣对文章理解的促进作用相对独立于背景知识的影响。     

错误出生之诉特殊抚养费赔偿规则研究——基于65例生效裁判文书的实证分析

特殊抚养费系错误出生之诉中父母寻求救济的主要项目之一,司法实践中对特殊抚养费是否应赔以及赔偿标准、原因力大小、赔偿类目、赔偿期限如何确定的问题莫衷一是。结合侵权法理论以及公共价值导向来看,支持特殊抚养费赔偿在法理和伦理上均具有合理性。在实证基础上对实践和理论经验进行总结,提出特殊抚养费的计算应以现行人身损害赔偿标准为主要参考,可通过医疗过失的严重程度对原因力进行分级量化,未来费用的赔偿在经过充分理由后可获得支持,计算期限以孩子年满18周岁为止。

     

中文版婴儿态度量表在已婚育龄女性中的信效度检验

目的 将婴儿态度量表(Attitude Toward Babies Scale,ABS)进行汉化,并检验在中国已婚育龄女性中的信效度。方法 采用方便取样的方法,选取贵州、山西、湖北等地的700名育龄女性进行施测,通过项目分析、内容效度分析、探索性因素分析、验证性因素分析、效标关联效度、Cronbach α系数、分半信度、重测信度评价其信效度。结果 项目分析表明,婴儿态度量表各条目与量表各维度总分显著相关,具有良好的区分度; 内容效度分析表明专家间一致性水平(IR)为1,I-CVI在0.83～1之间,S-CVI/UA为0.82,S-CVI/Ave为0.97; 探索性因素分析得出5个特征值>1的因子,累计方差贡献率为54.399%; 验证性因素分析表明五因素模型拟合度较好(χ2/df=2.500,CFI=0.922,TLI=0.914,RMSEA=0.048,SRMR=0.050); 各效标与该量表显著相关; 总量表Cronbach α系数为0.748,量表的分半信度为0.661,重测信度为0.639。结论 修订后的ABS具有良好的信效度,可以作为已婚育龄女性生育动机的有效测量工具。     

Syntactic processing in the human brain: what we know, what we don't know, and a suggestion for how to proceed

For every claim in the neuroimaging literature about a particular brain region supporting syntactic processing, there exist other claims implicating the target region in different linguistic processes, and, in many cases, in non-linguistic cognitive processes (e.g., Blumstein, 2009). We argue that traditional group analysis methods in neuroimaging may obscure functional specificity because of inter-subject anatomical variability (Fedorenko & Kanwisher, 2009). In Fedorenko, Hsieh, Nieto-Castanon, Whitfield-Gabrieli, and Kanwisher (2010) we presented a functional localizer that allows quick and reliable identification of key language-sensitive regions in each individual brain. This approach enables pooling data from corresponding functional regions across subjects rather than from the same locations in stereotaxic space that may differ functionally due to inter-subject anatomical variability. In the current paper we demonstrate that the individual-subjects functional localization approach is superior to the traditional methods in its ability to distinguish among conditions in a brain region’s response. This ability is at the core of all neuroimaging research and is critical for answering questions of functional specialization (e.g., does a brain region specialize for processing syntactic aspects of the linguistic signal), which is in turn essential for making inferences about the precise computations conducted in each brain region. Based on our results, we argue that supplementing existing methods with an individual-subjects functional localization approach may lead to a clearer picture of the neural basis of syntactic processing, as it has in some other domains, such as high-level vision (e.g., Kanwisher, 2010) and social cognition (e.g., Saxe & Kanwisher, 2003).     

Conflict of interest in Croatia: doctors with dual obligations

There is an emerging awareness of the possibility of conflicts of interest in the practice of medicine in Croatia. The paper examines areas within the medical profession where conflicts of interest can and have occurred, probably not only in Croatia. Particularly addressed are situations when a doctor may have dual obligations and how independent ethics committees can help in decreasing the influence of a conflict of interest. The paper also presents extracts from the Croatian Code of Ethics for the medical profession that address problems of conflict of interest. An earlier version of this paper entitled was presented at an International Conference on “Conflict of Interest and its Significance in Science and Medicine” held in Warsaw, Poland on 5–6 April, 2002.