The role of disbalance between “natural school” and informational overloading in genesis of stress reactions

Data obtained during 15 years supervision over teenagers indicate the influence of the socialeconomic deformations of the former Soviet society. We use the term natural school to denote the whole ontogenesis of human beings including the first 3- to 5-year period of a child's life when children perceive a surrounding microcosm, their bodies and abilities, and acquire a basic fund of native language skills and habits. Natural school balances a person's mental and physical activities and through the trials and mistakes provides every person with a sphere of friends, important for coping with stress by sharing sorrows and joys. The twentieth century brought informational overloading, the triad, consisting of: (1) enormous mass of information; (2) deficit of time for using it; and (3) high motivation of activity. These conditions restrict the physical activity (hypodynamy) and contact with children of the same age (social deprivation). The influence over a person's development takes place mainly in ones youth, when one seeks his/her place in society. Subsequent stress situations cause the following psychopathological reactions: anxiety, anxiety and frustration, vegeto-dystonic reactions and somatic discomfort, panic attacks, neurosis. Later, disorders of autonomic regulations and somatic discomfort leads to psychosomatic diseases. Preventive measures, like skills minimizing hypodynamy and tools to improve soul's confession seem to be a way of minimizing disbalance and decreasing psychosomatic disorders.     

打坐健身机制新探

打坐是一种席地端坐时将两腿交叉相压并调息入静的锻炼方式。打坐行为历史悠久,具有良好的健身作用,近年还发现对心脑血管疾病有一定治疗康复作用。但在中国由于打坐经常被认为属于宗教修炼而被普通大众忽视。本文将打坐与宗教分离开来,通过现代医学理论从调整呼吸、入静、远程缺血预适应保护等对神经系统、内脏功能（肺、消化系统、心血管系统及淋巴循环功能）的影响方面探讨了打坐的健身机制,为进一步研究并向大众推广这种安全有效的健身方法提供一管之见。特别是对心血管系统的保护作用值得进一步研究利用。     

工作场所欺负的内容结构与测量

采用实证研究的方法对中国文化背景下工作场所欺负（workplace bullying）的内容结构及其测量进行了研究。通过自行研制的工作场所欺负内容问卷,对全国7个城市750名企业员工进行问卷调查,获得了436份有效问卷。探索性因素分析（N=229）表明,我国工作场所欺负内容由人身攻击、工作压制和社会排斥三个维度构成。三因素模型在验证性因素分析（N=207）中得到了较好地验证。内部一致性分析和回归分析的结果也表明,基于我国文化背景下编制的工作场所欺负问卷具有较好的信度和效度,其对员工情感承诺和离职意向等具有一定的预测作用。     

Existential Trauma Therapy with Men After a Heart Attack

An existential trauma therapy treatment approach with men who are recovering from a heart attack is described as well as the treatment elements within the approach. Single-subject design case material is provided to evaluate and illustrate the described treatment approach.     

短暂性脑缺血发作临床定义更新与临床决策

短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)在临床上是一种即将发生卒中的紧急先兆,俗称“中风警报”。对其定义的内容一直存在较大的争议。但近年来随着神经影像学技术的不断发展及临床认识水平的提高,TIA临床定义的内容逐步趋于完善,对临床更加科学合理地处理该病具有十分重要的临床意义。     

ABCD2评分法预测短暂性脑缺血发作后脑卒中发病风险的研究

为探讨APCD2评分法在短暂性脑缺血发作（T1A）后脑卒中发生风险的预测价值,选择发病48小时内的颈内动脉系统TIA患者112例进行ABCD2评定并分为0分、低危、中危、高危组并随访6个月。结果显示,高危组血管狭窄和软斑块程度较0分组、低危组、中危组显著严重;7天时高危组较中危、低危组卒中发生率显著增高;30天、60天...     

感染对缺血性脑卒中发病的影响

缺血性脑卒中的发生除传统高危因素外还和动脉的炎性反应有关,如血管壁内炎性细胞的聚集,早期参与触发动脉粥样硬化的形成,晚期促进动脉粥样硬化斑块的破裂和血栓的形成。微生物的慢性感染已被发现有增加卒中发生的危险,而机体产生免疫反应的强弱程度也起到重要作用。微生物的感染通过多个机制影响卒中的发生。概述了感染、炎症与缺血性脑卒中发病方面的研究现状以及由此带来的对缺血性脑卒中预防与治疗决策的可能影响。     

Motor activity in group‐housed and isolated mice with short and long attack latencies: Effects of scopolamine

Isolation‐induced behavioral changes are well described in mice, although few studies have investigated the involvement of the cholinergic system in these effects. It has also been suggested that mice that display short or long attack latencies show differences in their reactions to a novel environment. The purpose of the present study was, first, to investigate locomotor activity in grouped and isolated mice that displayed short or long attack latencies and, second, to evaluate locomotor activity to determine whether it was affected interactively by differential housing and scopolamine treatment. Two experiments were performed in which NMRI mice, either isolated or group housed, were used as subjects. In the first experiment, results showed that there were no significant differences in locomotor activity between isolated mice with short and long attack latencies, although both groups were more active than grouped mice. These results indicate that motor activity in NMRI mice is influenced by housing conditions but not by levels of aggressiveness. In the second experiment it was observed that scopolamine (1 mg/kg) increased total activity counts both in isolated and group‐housed mice (both groups selected with long attack latencies), suggesting that differential housing in this strain does not substantially modify the motor effects of this dose of scopolamine. Aggr. Behav. 28:328–336, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Post-stroke depression as a predictor of caregivers burden of acute ischemic stroke patients in China

Our aim was to explore the independent attribution of Post-stroke depression (PSD) to caregiver burden of acute ischemic stroke patients. A cross-sectional survey was performed with 271 acute ischemic stroke patients in the Huai-He Hospital and First People’s Hospital of Kaifeng City in China. PSD was assessed by Self-rating Depressive Scale, and caregiver burden was assessed by Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview. Clustered logistic regression was applied to identify the impact of PSD on caregiver burden. As results, female patients, normal muscle strength and PSD were associated with caregiver burden. PSD correlated with an independent influence of 17.2% on the risk of caregiver burden, The independent influence of PSD on caregiver burden was smaller than that of social-demographics of caregivers and clinical factors of stroke patients This study suggests that PSD may have a modest influence on caregiver burden.     

Genetic differences in the mouse defense test battery

The mouse defense test battery (MDTB) has been designed to examine anxiogenic- or anxiolytic-like properties of psychoactive drugs through effects on specific defensive behaviors. In the present study, the MDTB was used to evaluate the potential contribution of genetic factors to these behaviors. The data revealed pronounced differences in several defense reactions among four inbred strains (BALB/c, C57BL/6, CBA, DBA/2) and one outbred (Swiss) mouse line. Thus, when subjects were introduced into the apparatus, Swiss and C57BL/6 displayed the highest levels of horizontal and vertical activities, while BALB/c and DBA/2 mice showed intermediate and CBA low activity rates. When subjects were chased by the rat, C57BL/6 mice used flight as the dominant defense strategy, while the defensive responses of BALB/c, C57BL/6, and DBA/2 mice consisted of flight reactions and risk assessment activities. However, when flight or escape was not possible, risk assessment became the predominant feature of the defense repertoire in the C57BL/6 mice. When defensive threat/attack behaviors were required, Swiss, BALB/c, DBA/2, and C57BL/6 mice showed very similar reactions in terms of the magnitude of the responses observed. CBA mice were poorly defensive in all these test situations. Finally, after the rat was removed from the test apparatus, Swiss, DBA/2, and C57BL/6 mice displayed more vertical activities than BALB/c mice. These latter, however, showed an increased level of ambulation compared to the activity recorded before the rat exposure. Together, these findings indicate that genetic factors contribute to defensive behaviors in this animal model of anxiety. The different behavioral profiles displayed by the strains used here may provide the means to obtain a better insight into the neurobehavioral mechanisms involved in anxiety-related disorders. Aggr. Behav. 23:19–31, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.