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551.
Iterated revision and minimal change of conditional beliefs 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Craig Boutilier 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》1996,25(3):263-305
We describe a model of iterated belief revision that extends the AGM theory of revision to account for the effect of a revision on the conditional beliefs of an agent. In particular, this model ensures that an agent makes as few changes as possible to the conditional component of its belief set. Adopting the Ramsey test, minimal conditional revision provides acceptance conditions for arbitrary right-nested conditionals. We show that problem of determining acceptance of any such nested conditional can be reduced to acceptance tests for unnested conditionals. Thus, iterated revision can be accomplished in a virtual manner, using uniterated revision. 相似文献
552.
Belief Revision From the Point of View of Doxastic Logic 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
553.
Katie P. Leonard L. Kay Bartholomew Paul R. Swank Guy S. Parcel 《Journal of genetic counseling》1995,4(2):97-113
We tested the efficacy of two types of educational materials for genetic counseling: a traditional information brochure and one adding a role model story. Brochures were alternated weekly at a prenatal genetics center. Subjects were asked to read the brochure and fill out a questionnaire covering demographics and variables from the health belief model (impact, barriers, motivation, susceptibility, knowledge, severity). A group of 409 pregnant women and 251 male partners participated. Study design was quasiexperimental, using a post-test only comparison group. The brochure with modeling enhanced the perception of both risk and the severity of the disease and was inversely associated with the assessment of barriers, but did not directly impact on the decision to pursue testing; only 12% chose to be tested, with no significant differences between groups. While suggestive, the study is not confirmatory and should be repeated with a more heterogenous group of women. 相似文献
554.
555.
中学生精神信仰及其与生活满意度的关系 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
运用问卷法对431名中学生的精神信仰和生活满意度进行研究,结果表明:中学生精神信仰的总体状况呈现出社会信仰最强、实用信仰次之、超自然信仰最弱的特点。在社会信仰上更注重国家民族信仰,在实用信仰上更注重家庭信仰,在超自然信仰上更注重宗教信仰;精神信仰各维度对不同领域生活满意度的预测作用各不相同。不同生活满意度水平的学生在社会信仰和实用信仰的所有构成维度上的得分均存在显著差异。 相似文献
556.
Previous research has shown that strength of handedness predicts differences in sensory illusions, Stroop interference, episodic memory, and beliefs about body image and the origin of species. Recent evidence also suggests handedness differences in the susceptibility to information framing and persuasion. The present paper extends this line of work to decision anchoring effects. In Experiment 1, 131 introductory psychology students responded to 12 real‐world knowledge questions after being given random, uninformative high or low anchors. Results indicated that “strong‐handers” showed larger anchoring effects than “mixed‐handers.” In Experiment 2, 89 introductory psychology students responded to 6 real‐world knowledge questions in a modified, two‐step anchoring task in which participants were given a credible source for the anchored information and asked to give pre‐ and post‐anchor estimates. In contrast to Experiment 1, results revealed that mixed‐ and strong‐handers were affected similarly by anchoring. In Experiment 3, 158 students were asked to estimate the answer to one of two versions of 8! (8 × 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 or 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 × 5 × 6 × 7 × 8)—a multiplication problem in which the high and low anchors are inherently informative. Here, mixed‐handers showed larger anchoring effects than strong‐handers. A theory centered around the notion of hemispheric specialization and the communication between the two halves of the brain as well as arguments about the informativeness of anchors, metacognition, and recent theorizing in the anchoring literature are used to account for these data. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
557.
558.
西方关于儿童欺骗研究的新进展 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
欺骗是指意图培养他人的错误信念,以至于使他人产生错误或进入误区的行为。本文介绍了西方关于儿童欺骗研究的新进展,其中包括欺骗与说谎的区别,欺骗的理论假设、相关研究,以及儿童欺骗研究的焦点和现存问题。 相似文献
559.
Robert Audi 《International Journal for Philosophy of Religion》2008,63(1-3):87-102
Belief is a central focus of inquiry in the philosophy of religion and indeed in the field of religion itself. No one conception
of belief is central in all these cases, and sometimes the term ‘belief’ is used where ‘faith’ or ‘acceptance’ would better
express what is intended. This paper sketches the major concepts in the philosophy of religion that are expressed by these
three terms. In doing so, it distinguishes propositional belief (belief that) from both objectual belief (believing something to have a property) and, more importantly, belief in (a trusting attitude that is illustrated by at least many paradigm cases of belief in God). Faith is shown to have a similar
complexity, and even propositional faith divides into importantly different categories. Acceptance differs from both belief
and faith in that at least one kind of acceptance is behavioral in a way neither of the other two elements is. Acceptance
of a proposition, it is argued, does not entail believing it, nor does believing entail acceptance in any distinctive sense
of the latter term. In characterizing these three notions (and related ones), the paper provides some basic materials important
both for understanding a person’s religious position and for appraising its rationality. The nature of religious faith and
some of the conditions for its rationality, including some deriving from elements of an ethics of belief, are explored in
some detail. 相似文献
560.
Richard Amesbury 《International Journal for Philosophy of Religion》2008,63(1-3):25-37
William Kingdon Clifford famously argued that “it is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient
evidence.” His ethics of belief can be construed as involving two distinct theses—a moral claim (that it is wrong to hold beliefs to which one is not entitled) and an epistemological claim (that entitlement is always a function of evidential support). Although I reject the (universality of the) epistemological claim, I argue that something deserving of the name ethics of belief can nevertheless be preserved. However, in the second half of the paper I argue that Clifford’s response to the problem of
unethical belief is insufficiently attentive to the role played by self-deception in the formation of unethical beliefs. By
contrasting the first-person perspective of a doxastic agent with the third-person perspective of an outside observer, I argue
that unethical belief is a symptom of deficiencies of character: fix these, and belief will fix itself. I suggest that the
moral intuitions implicit in our response to examples of unethical belief (like Clifford’s famous example of the ship owner)
can better be accounted for in terms of a non-evidentialist virtue ethics of belief-formation, and that such an account can
survive the rejection of strong versions of doxastic voluntarism.
相似文献Joseph Butler, “Upon Self-Deceit” (1726)