Some boundary conditions of the expressor culture effect in emotion recognition: Evidence from Hong Kong Chinese perceivers

In a recent review of the emotion recognition literature, Elfenbein and Ambady (2002) found that recognition is generally more accurate for perceivers from the same cultural group as the emotion expressors. In two studies conducted in Hong Kong, we found little evidence for such expressor culture effect. In contrast, a reverse trend was found in the recognition of several emotions. We interpret these findings in terms of the unique display and decoding rules of emotions in Asian contexts. In addition, the effects of expressor culture were observed only in non-pleasant emotions, but not in happiness. Finally, reaction time data revealed that identification of happiness is an automatic, holistic process, identification of non-pleasant emotions is a relatively capacity-consuming, piecemeal process.     

The functional independence of mands and tacts

This study demonstrates functional independence in the acquisition of mands and tacts. Some subjects first learned to mand the experimenter's placement of objects with the prepositional phrases “On the left” and “On the right.” They were regularly tested for collateral appearance of tacts with these same phrases. Other subjects learned to tact the location of objects with these prepositional phrases and were regularly tested for collateral appearance of mands. All subjects were next trained in the repertoire that had not been trained in the first condition (either tact or mand). After all subjects had learned both to mand and to tact correctly, another assessment of mand-tact independence was undertaken. Mands (tacts) were reversed and testing assessed collateral reversal of tacts (mands). The results demonstrated that tacts and mands, even when incorporating identical response forms, were functionally independent during acquisition. Subsequent modification of one repertoire (by reversal training) produced collateral reversal in three of nine subjects.     

认知方式与消极情绪对旅游决策影响的实验研究

本研究在以往研究基础上,通过实验室实验,探索了个人的认知方式和消极情绪对旅游决策的影响。结果发现,认知方式的主效应不显著;消极情绪的主效应非常显著,有消极情绪唤醒的被试与没有消极情绪唤醒的被试．最终的决策结果,存在非常显著的差异。     

社会互动视角下的人际情绪调节：概念、测量和理论取向

人际情绪调节指的是个体通过与他人的互动,对自己或他人情绪进行调节的社会加工过程,对人际互动和社会关系的维持具有重要的意义。本文基于人际情绪调节社会互动的视角,首先探讨了人际情绪调节的概念;其次简要介绍了人际情绪调节的测量方法及其优缺点,包括主观评价法,实验室法和动态评估法等;最后分别从沟通理论和过程理论两方面梳理了人际情绪调节的研究,并针对这两方面的理论取向,提出相应的未来研究方向。     

认知重评和表达抑制情绪调节策略的脑网络分析：来自EEG和ERP的证据

本文旨在对认知重评和表达抑制两种常用情绪调节策略的自发脑网络特征及认知神经活动进行深入探讨。研究采集36名在校大学生的静息态和任务态脑电数据,经过源定位和图论分析发现节点效率与两种情绪调节显著相关的脑区,以及脑区之间的功能连接。研究结果表明,在使用认知重评进行情绪调节时会激活前额叶皮质、前扣带回、顶叶、海马旁回和枕叶等多个脑区,在使用表达抑制进行情绪调节时会激活前额叶皮质、顶叶、海马旁回、枕叶、颞叶和脑岛等多个脑区。因此,这些脑区的节点效率或功能连接强度可能成为评估个体使用认知重评和表达抑制调节情绪效果的指标。     

学生对教师管教信息的认知、情绪体验和行为倾向

本文研究学生在接收到教师的不同管教信息时对教师情绪的认知以及自己的情绪反应和行为倾向。对597名中小学生的实验研究结果显示,教师采用“诱导教诲”、“困扰担忧”的管教信息最能引起学生的积极反应．而“愤怒批评”的管教信息易引起学生的消极反应。研究还发现．小学生和中学生的反应存在差异．而性别之间存在一定差异。对性质不同的行为问题加以管教引起学生的反应差异非常显著。     

研究专家行为的实验途径:一种质性方法

随着认知心理学对具体领域问题解决的研究不断深入,研究者越来越关注人的高级认知过程;而伴随这一研究倾向的变化．旨在揭示高胜任能力或者专家行为的实质及其发展的科学研究方法也逐渐成形;本文介绍了选择符合科学研究的专家行为标准,即有效性、可重复性和可测量性;之后,详述了研究专家行为的步骤．即选择被试、明确典型任务、进行任务分析、设计研究方案、收集原始资料、分析原始资料和解释专家行为等。这一方法的阐述．为心理学工作者使用该方法提供了一类规范。     

不同情绪模式的词语和图片刺激启动的时间效应

分别使用图片和词语刺激,通过2个实验启动愉快和悲伤情绪,实验分2个实验组和1个控制组,每个组设计了5个处理水平,分别研究不同处理水平状态下的情绪变化。无论是使用图片还是词语启动,研究结果表明,随着时间的推移,愉快情绪轻微波动,而且略有上升势态,启动的愉快情绪至少持续8分钟。另一方面,悲伤情绪则随着时间的推移出现明显的下降趋势,而且呈现先快后慢的特点,在最初的2分钟时间内,下降速度最快,基本接近控制组,4分钟后,悲伤情绪稳定;启动的悲伤情绪一般持续2~4分钟。     

Olfaction,Emotion and Associative Learning: Effects on Motivated Behavior

Two experiments were conducted to investigate emotional associative learning to odors and subsequent behavioral effects. In Experiment 1, participants experienced a frustration mood induction in the presence of an unfamiliar ambient odor and later worked on puzzle tests in a room scented with either the same-odor, a different-odor, or no-odor. Participants in the same-odor condition spent significantly less time working on the tests than participants in the other conditions; however, test accuracy did not vary. To clarify the findings, Experiment 2 included a test-only control and an emotionally neutral same-odor conditions. Results were compatible with the conclusion that decreased time spent by participants in the negative-same-odor condition was due to emotions elicited by associative learning to the ambient odor, although alternative interpretations remain possible. These data extend our previous results with children and suggest that odors readily become associated to emotions and can thereby influence behavior.     

情绪刺激对前瞻记忆的影响

使用情绪图片作为背景任务刺激,通过两个实验来考察积极情绪和消极情绪对时间性和事件性前瞻记忆的影响。结果发现,对于背景任务的反应时,在时间性前瞻记忆和事件性前瞻记忆中,情绪的主效应都显著。而对于前瞻任务的正确率,在两种前瞻记忆中,情绪的主效应都不显著。将两个实验的数据合并分析发现,对于前瞻任务的正确率,任务类型的主效应显著,即时间性前瞻记忆的成绩显著高于事件性前瞻记忆; 而情绪的主效应不显著。结果表明,背景任务中不同的情绪刺激会对个体完成背景任务的速度产生影响,而对前瞻记忆任务的执行不会产生影响。