Redundancy analysis an alternative for canonical correlation analysis

A component method is presented maximizing Stewart and Love's redundancy index. Relationships with multiple correlation and principal component analysis are pointed out and a rotational procedure for obtaining bi-orthogonal variates is given. An elaborate example comparing canonical correlation analysis and redundancy analysis on artificial data is presented.A Fortran IV program for the method of redundancy analysis described in this paper can be obtained from the author upon request.     

新颖语义联结形成的右半球优势效应

新颖语义联结形成是创造性思维的重要加工过程。采用谜题型歇后语为材料,直接操控语义联结的新颖性,通过两个实验考察汉语新颖语义联结形成的神经机制。实验1采用fMRI记录谜题型歇后语阅读理解过程的神经活动,结果显示相对于寻常语义关联条件,新颖语义关联条件更强地激活了右侧颞上回,该脑区可能与新颖语义信息的激活有关。实验2采用ERP技术在语义关联性判断任务中考察新颖语义联结形成神经加工的时空特征,结果显示相对于寻常语义关联条件,新颖语义关联条件在右侧颞区和右侧额区诱发了更正的晚期正成分,可能分别反映了新颖语义信息的激活以及选择与整合。研究结果支持了新颖语义联结形成的右半球加工优势效应。     

睡眠过程中信息加工的ERP研究进展

本文综述了事件相关电位(ERP)外源性成分———N1、MMN、N550和内源性成分———P3、N300、N400在睡眠过程中的特点,以及论述了各成分在睡眠信息加工中的作用。     

负性情绪刺激是否总是优先得到加工: ERP研究

文献广泛报道负性情绪刺激在心理加工上占据优势地位, 而也有相当多的研究并未发现正、负性刺激在加工上的差异。不同实验中注意资源量的不同可能是造成这种分歧的原因。有研究提示, 在注意资源十分匮乏时, 机体无法区别对待正性和负性刺激, 那么在注意资源充足的情况下, 负性刺激是否一定优先得到加工？当前研究以正性、中性和负性情绪图片为刺激材料, 运用线索化范式操纵注意资源, 比较不同注意条件下各情绪刺激引起的ERP波幅的差别。结果发现, 有效提示条件下的反应正确率高于无效提示下的情况, P1、N1、P2和N2成分的波幅也在两个注意水平间出现差异, 当注意资源相对充足时, 正性与负性刺激引起的LPC波幅无显著差异, 而当注意资源相对短缺时, 负性条件引起较大的LPC波幅。这一研究表明, 情绪加工受到注意因素调节, 负性刺激在资源紧张时可以得到优先加工, 而当资源充足时, 机体可以调节资源分配而使正性刺激也得到充分加工。     

Rorschach administration: a comparison of the effect of two instructions given to an inpatient sample of drug addicts

The effect of administering the Rorschach Inkblot Method under two instructional sets was compared on three classes of outcome variables: the frequency with which subjects asked questions about the test; the frequency of brief protocols (fewer than 14 responses); and 17 traditional Rorschach structural summary scores. Sixty subjects, obtained from three inpatient psychiatric clinics treating drug addicts, randomly received either the short pre‐testing instruction “What might this be?” originally developed by Herman Rorschach and recommended in the Comprehensive System, or a longer and more elaborated instruction, which for many years has been the standard instruction in Norway. Compared with the Norwegian instruction, the short instruction produced significantly more questions to the examiner about the test. For the other outcome measures no differences were observed.     

The P600 as an indicator of syntactic ambiguity

In a study using event-related brain potentials, we show that the current characterization of the P600 component as an indicator of revision processes (reanalysis and repair) in sentence comprehension must be extended to include the recognition of syntactic ambiguity. By comparing the processing of ambiguous and unambiguous sentence constituents in German, we show that the P600 is elicited when our language processing system has syntactic alternatives at a certain item given in the input string. That the P600 is sensitive to syntactic ambiguity adds crucial evidence to current debates in psycholinguistic modelling, as the results clearly favour parallel models of syntactic processing which assume that ambiguity is recognized and costly.     

汉字视听再认的ERP效应与记忆提取脑机制

测定了正常青年人汉字再认的事件相关电位(ERP)。观察到对听觉汉字的认知产生“持续中央负成分”,而视觉汉字的认知出现“晚期正成分”,提示汉字的视听认知具有不同的脑机制。汉字视听认知皆出现了新旧效应,即旧词皆引起ERP晚期成分的正走向变化,但视听新旧效应的起始时间与头皮分布不同,听觉效应为右半球优势,视觉效应则出现在左侧顶叶、左侧颞叶后部与右侧枕叶。以上实验结果提示,“优势半球”概念已难以概括半球间的多维动态关系,需要修正。     

高中生的亲子沟通质量对情绪性刺激注意偏向的影响

为了探讨高中生亲子沟通质量对情绪性刺激注意偏向的影响,实验一采用亲子沟通量表,筛选出亲子沟通高分组和低分组,两组被试参加点探测任务,要求被试迅速判断情绪性图片出现后呈现的圆点的位置。实验为2（组别：高亲子沟通组、低亲子沟通组）×2（情绪类型：负性和正性）×2（探测点位置一致性：一致、不一致）的混合实验设计。结果发现,负性和正性刺激的不一致条件反应时均显著短于一致条件的反应时。实验二采用事件相关电位（ERP）记录了情绪性图片诱发的信号反应。结果发现,亲子沟通高分组对负性刺激所诱发的注意指向和集中（P2成分）及选择和巩固（P3成分）显著高于低分组。以上结果表明,亲子沟通较好,在注意早期定向和选择中会对负性情绪刺激产生注意偏向。亲子沟通较差,则对情绪性的刺激没有明显的偏向性,类似于“漠不关心”的状态。     

Correcting Too Much or Too Little? The Performance of Three Chi-Square Corrections

This simulation study investigates the performance of three test statistics, T₁, T₂, and T₃, used to evaluate structural equation model fit under non normal data conditions. T₁ is the well-known mean-adjusted statistic of Satorra and Bentler. T₂ is the mean-and-variance adjusted statistic of Sattertwaithe type where the degrees of freedom is manipulated. T₃ is a recently proposed version of T₂ that does not manipulate degrees of freedom. Discrepancies between these statistics and their nominal chi-square distribution in terms of errors of Type I and Type II are investigated. All statistics are shown to be sensitive to increasing kurtosis in the data, with Type I error rates often far off the nominal level. Under excess kurtosis true models are generally over-rejected by T₁ and under-rejected by T₂ and T₃, which have similar performance in all conditions. Under misspecification there is a loss of power with increasing kurtosis, especially for T₂ and T₃. The coefficient of variation of the nonzero eigenvalues of a certain matrix is shown to be a reliable indicator for the adequacy of these statistics.