允许CAT题目检查的区块题目袋方法

允许题目检查能够促进计算机化自适应测验(CAT)在实际中的应用。在不影响能力估计精度和测验公平性的前提下, 允许CAT题目检查能够缓解考生考试焦虑, 减少无关因素引起的测量误差。区块题目袋方法是连续区块方法与题目袋方法的结合, 不仅能允许CAT题目检查, 还能够弥补题目袋方法的不足。研究结果表明：(1)合理作答策略下, 区块题目袋方法的估计精度在低能力水平上要优于题目袋方法; (2)在应对类似Wainer作答策略时, 区块题目袋方法的估计精度在所有能力水平上均优于题目袋方法。(3)随着区块数的增加, 区块题目袋方法的能力估计精度越接近无修改的基线水平。     

EFFECTS OF REINFORCER QUALITY ON BEHAVIORAL MOMENTUM: COORDINATED APPLIED AND BASIC RESEARCH

The high-probability (high-p) instructional sequence has been an effective treatment for noncompliance. However, treatment failures have also been reported. We hypothesized that the efficacy of the high-p treatment may be improved by using higher quality reinforcers for compliance to high-p instructions. The resistance of compliance to change was tested by varying reinforcer quality in two applied studies and a basic laboratory experiment. Experiment 1 tested the hypothesis that an increase in reinforcer quality for high-p compliance will increase the effectiveness of the high-p treatment when it fails to increase compliance. Experiment 2 assessed the effects of reinforcer quality on resistance of compliance to change by presenting successive low-p requests following the high-p treatment. A basic laboratory study (Experiment 3) was conducted to further isolate the relation between reinforcer quality and behavioral momentum. Two different liquid reinforcers (sucrose and citric acid solutions) were presented in a two-component multiple variable-interval variable-interval schedule followed by a single extinction test session. Results of all three experiments showed a generally consistent relationship between reinforcer quality and behavioral momentum.     

EMPIRICAL THEOLOGY IN THE LIGHT OF SCIENCE

Abstract. Empirical theology stands in contrast to science insofar as it seeks to understand the nature and source of human fulfillment and insofar as science seeks to understand the world and human beings regardless of the implications of that knowledge for human welfare. However, empirical theology is like science insofar as it affirms a dynamic, relational naturalism; accepts limitations of the human knower, thereby making all knowledge including religious knowledge tentative; seeks causal explanations as well as religious meaning; and argues that a key criterion for justifying ideas is their ability to explain experience already had and to predict new experiences in Lakatosian-type progressive research programs.     

Hypocrisy, Change of Mind, and Weakness of Will: How to Do Moral Philosophy with Examples

What are the differences between hypocrisy, change of mind, and weakness of will? Each typically involves a gap between word and deed, yet they do not seem morally equivalent. Moreover, they are intuitively different concepts, even though the conceptual boundaries between them are fuzzy. This paper explores diverse examples, attempting to identify elements which may be distinctive of each concept, with special attention to hypocrisy. It also provides a discussion of the appropriateness of such use of examples in moral philosophy.     

Humanisation and education: Issues for school reform

The humanisation of education is one of the three leitmotifs in a recent Soviet planning document A Conception of General Education. It is suggested that Western education systems also need to be humanised, although not so radically as the Soviet, by the removal of obstacles to educating pupils as members of a liberal democratic society. A future joint research agenda between East and West should concentrate on (a) improving mutual understanding of this goal, (b) clarifying conceptual obstacles, and (c) reflecting on means of realising it. Specific proposals are put forward under all three headings.Invited paper presented at International Conference on Philosophy of Education organised by U.S.S.R. Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, Gagra, Georgia, October 12–22, 1990.     

Some promising dimensions for behavioral community technology

In recent years, the search for effective and replicable approaches to planned change in communities has escalated. Applied behavior analysts have participated in these efforts to remedy existing community problems and to increase the capacities of community residents to meet their goals. Examples of behavioral technologies for community settings are described and their advantages are noted. Criteria for more contextually appropriate community technologies are suggested and strategies for developing behavioral methods according to these criteria are described. This paper outlines some promising dimensions for behavioral community technology and discusses several possible limitations to a behavioral approach to addressing societal problems.     

A feasible method for standard errors of estimate in maximum likelihood factor analysis

A jackknife-like procedure is developed for producing standard errors of estimate in maximum likelihood factor analysis. Unlike earlier methods based on information theory, the procedure developed is computationally feasible on larger problems. Unlike earlier methods based on the jackknife, the present procedure is not plagued by the factor alignment problem, the Heywood case problem, or the necessity to jackknife by groups. Standard errors may be produced for rotated and unrotated loading estimates using either orthogonal or oblique rotation as well as for estimates of unique factor variances and common factor correlations. The total cost for larger problems is a small multiple of the square of the number of variables times the number of observations used in the analysis. Examples are given to demonstrate the feasibility of the method.The research done by R. I. Jennrich was supported in part by NSF Grant MCS 77-02121. The research done by D. B. Clarkson was supported in part by NSERC Grant A3109.     

当代中国工人价值取向:状况与特点

采用问卷调查法来自全国8省市的437名工人的价值取向现状进行了研究。结果表明：1．在总体上,当代中国工人具有积极向上的价值取向,重视品格追求、公共利益、工作成就、法规和家庭人伦前提的价值;2．性别、年龄、居住地和教育水平对某些方面的价值取向有显著的影响。     

CLIMATE CHANGE AT HIGH LATITUDES: AN ILLUMINATING EXAMPLE

A striking example is presented of a newly observed phenomenon in the ice‐covered Arctic Ocean that appears to be a consequence of changes in the physical forcing. In summer 2011, a massive phytoplankton bloom was observed north of the Bering Strait, between Russia and the United States, underneath pack ice that was a meter thick—in conditions previously thought to be inconducive for harboring such blooms. It is demonstrated that the changing ice cover, in concert with the resulting heat exchange between the atmosphere and ocean, likely led to this paradigm shift at the base of the food chain by altering the supply of nutrients and sunlight. Such early‐season under‐ice blooms have the potential to profoundly alter the Arctic food web.     

企业员工工作价值观与组织公民行为的关系研究

本研究旨在探讨企业员工工作价值观与组织公民行为的关系。用工作价值观调查表、中国组织公民行为量表对525名企业员工进行了问卷调查,结果发现：整体工作价值观与整体组织公民行为存在着显著性相关;工作价值观的能力警曼等璧翌组织公民行为的公司认同、个人主动性、保护公司资源因素有显著正向影响;工作价值观的地位因素对组织公民行为的公司认同、同事间的利他行为、个人主动性因素有显著正向影响。