不同维度的执行功能与早期心理理论的关系

采用意外地点任务、意外内容任务和三种不同类型的执行功能任务来探究执行功能与心理理论之间的关系。共60名被试,3岁和4岁被试各30名,男女各半。区分自己心理状态和他人心理状态能力与执行功能的关系主要体现在混合成分执行功能与这一能力的密切联系上;在错误信念发展的早期,执行功能与错误信念理解能力的关系主要集中在“混合成分的执行功能与对自己错误信念理解能力,工作记忆的执行功能与对他人错误信念理解能力”这两对联系上     

子宫及卵巢切除术对女性内分泌和性功能的影响

子宫与卵巢是女性性器官,具有多种内分泌功能,产生许多生物活性物质调节机体内分泌系统,二者保持平衡状态可使机体内分泌稳定,性功能正常。因良性疾病切除子宫后,卵巢血供受损,功能下降,可发生卵巢功能早衰,更年期症状提前出现;因病需要同时切除卵巢者,可使更年期症状加重,影响女性内分泌及性功能并可增加心血管系统疾病和骨质疏松症的发病率。因此建议在外科手术时应严格掌握子宫及卵巢切除的适应证,尽量减少不必要的损伤给女性带来的不良后果。     

不同高血压治疗指南的比较与分析

为了更好的控制高血压的发病率和死亡率,达到对高血压患者的最佳和规范化治疗,各国家和地区的医疗机构均制定了相应的治疗指南,并及时进行更新和修正.由于这些指南之间存在着不同程度的差异,导致医疗工作者在学习和实践中产生了一定的困惑,通过运用哲学的思维和方法论对四种主要的高血压治疗指南的异同点进行比较和分析,有利于我国临床医师更好地将其运用于临床,从而更好地控制高血压患者的病情.     

论卫生领域中的政府角色与社会政策

从政府组织存在基本命题、社会政策变革趋势入手,深入探讨卫生领域内政府认知、政府角色、卫生政策现状及发展客观要求,提出新时期公共服务型政府能否制定并执行理性卫生政策,对管理伦理、管理机制和管理意识三方面的必要调整是关键。     

当代农民职业价值观及其影响因素研究

随着农村劳动力大量地向城镇和非农产业转移,我国农民的职业价值观也发生了前所未有的变化。本研究以问卷调查为手段,以浙江省本地和来自外省的503名农民为样本,对农民的职业价值观进行了较为系统的分析,探讨了当代农民职业价值观的结构模式,考察了不同因素对于农民职业价值观的影响。研究结果有助于人们更好地理解农民的择业心理和就业行为。     

Role of social value orientation in the endowment effect

The purpose of the present research was to explore the role of social value orientation in the endowment effect. The study gathered 190 participants from university students in Taiwan: 74 of these were classified as individualists, 44 as competitors and 56 as prosocials, with 16 being unclassified. Results from an experimental study indicated that the individualists' and competitors' average selling prices were significantly higher than the average buying prices for a commodity; thus the endowment effect was observed in these two orientations. The endowment effect was not observed in those having a prosocial orientation, however.     

Executive functioning by 18‐24‐month‐old children: effects of inhibition,working memory demands and narrative in a novel detour‐reaching task

Infants can inhibit a prepotent but wrong action towards a goal in order to perform a causal means‐action. It is not clear, however, whether infants can perform an arbitrary means‐action while inhibiting a prepotent response. In four experiments, we explore this executive functioning in 18–24‐month‐old children. The working memory and inhibition demands in a novel means‐end problem were systematically varied in terms of the type and combination of means‐action(s) (causal or arbitrary) contained within the task, the number of means‐actions (1 or 2), the goal visual availability and whether the task was accompanied by a narrative. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that children performed tasks that contained causal as opposed to arbitrary information more accurately; accuracy was also higher in tasks containing only one step. Experiment 2 also demonstrated that performance in the arbitrary task improved significantly when all sources of prepotency were removed. In Experiment 3, task performance improved when the two means‐actions were intelligibly linked to the task goal. Experiment 4 demonstrated that the use of a narrative that provided a meaningful (non‐causal) link between the two means‐actions also improved children's performance by assisting their working memory in the generation of a rationale. Findings provide an initial account of executive functioning in the months that bring the end of infancy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

公共利益:公共伦理的价值基础

公共伦理是公共管理行为应遵循的准则与规范体系,其功能在于有效调节、规范和引导公共管理行为,促进公共管理目标的实现,公共伦理必须寻找到合理的价值基础。本文认为,公共利益既是公共伦理建设的出发点,又是公共伦理致力于实现的目标,理应成为公共伦理的价值基础。同时,以公共利益作为公共伦理的价值基础,实现了义务论与目的论的统一,使公共伦理具备了很强的实践品质。     

From life state to ecological consciousness: on Wang Yangming’s “natural principles of order within the realm of liang zhi”

Wang Yangming argues that the life state of a virtuous person is “forming one body with Heaven, Earth and the myriad things.” For instance, in watching a child fall into a well, he cannot help feeling alarmed and commiserate; In observing the pitiful cries and frightened appearance of animals, he cannot help feeling “unable to bear” their suffering; In seeing plants destroyed or tiles shattered, he cannot help but feel pity and regret and so forth. At the same time, he also stresses that there is a natural order of values with the help of which a human being deals with the myriad things, namely the natural principles of order within the realm of liang zhi. From a practical perspective, Yangming integrated these two aspects into a spontaneously psychological self-consciousness and an intuition of judgment and choice. Under its direction and instruction, human beings cannot only generally care for the myriad things, but also make reasonable use of them. Therefore, the significant reference to “the natural principles of order within the realm of liang zhi” involves the harmony between nature and human beings from life state to ecological consciousness. __________ Translated from Tranjin Shehui Kexue 天津社会科学 (Tianjin Social Sciences), 2004 (6) by Wu Min, Proofread by Xu Xiangdong & Wu Fei     

A base logic for default reasoning

Based on a close study of benchmark examples in default reasoning, such as Nixon Diamond, Penguin Principle, etc., this paper provides an in depth analysis of the basic features of default reasoning. We formalize default inferences based on Modus Ponens for Default Implication, and mark the distinction between “local inferences” (to infer a conclusion from a subset of given premises) and “global inferences” (to infer a conclusion from the entire set of given premises). These conceptual analyses are captured by a formal semantics that is built upon the set-selection function technique. A minimal logic system M of default reasoning that accommodates Modus Ponens for Default Implication and suitable for local inferences is proposed, and its soundness is proved. __________ Translated from Zhexue Yanjiu 哲学研究 (Philosophical Studies), 2003 (special issue) by Ye Feng