身体锻炼对高中学生主观幸福感的影响及其心理机制

为了考察身体锻炼与高中学生主观幸福感的关系,采用量表法进行了研究,控制了相关变量后的研究结果表明:(1)经常锻炼的高中学生比锻炼不足的高中学生的主观幸福感更加强烈,这一差异表现在两者之间的情感成份和特殊生活满意感上;一次的身体锻炼对高中学生主观幸福感没有影响,长期性的身体锻炼可以提高高中学生主观幸福感;小锻炼量和中等锻炼量的身体锻炼随着锻炼持续时间的增长,对高中学生主观幸福感影响加深,而大锻炼量随着锻炼持续时间的增长对高中学生主观幸福感的影响,呈现倒“V”型的曲线状;随着锻炼持续时间的增长,中等锻炼量的效果明显优于小锻炼量和大锻炼量的效果;(2)身体锻炼不仅可以直接对高中学生主观幸福感产生影响,而且可以通过身体自尊,人际关系、人格等中介变量对高中学生主观幸福感产生影响     

The effects of exergaming on physical activity in a third-grade physical education class

We compared the effects of exergaming and traditional physical education on physical activity among 4 active children who were not overweight and who had experience with the exergaming activities prior to the study. Results showed that exergaming produced substantially higher percentages of physical activity and opportunity to engage in physical activity. In addition, an evaluation of the exergaming equipment showed that exergaming stations were associated with differential levels of physical activity across participants.     

Amount and type of physical activity as predictors of growth in executive functions,attentional control,and social self-control across 4 years of elementary school

This paper used a nationally representative sample of children from the United States to examine the extent to which physical activity and sports participation may promote growth in children's executive functions (EFs), attention, and social self-control over time. Using data from the ECLS-K:2011 (N = 18,174), findings indicated that regular physical activity predicted growth in EFs and attention from 3rd to 4th grade (βs = 0.03–0.05) but not from kindergarten to 1st grade. After controlling for the frequency of physical activity, participation in group sports predicted increases in EFs, attention, and social self-control during both periods (βs = 0.02–0.04). Though modest in size, the findings suggest that encouraging children to engage in more frequent and more team-based activity will benefit the development of their EFs and related skills, and especially so for children in middle childhood.     

Mini—CEX在临床教与学双向评估中的应用及意义——以临床八年制呼吸科床旁教学为例

临床医学八年制内科学床旁教学在高标准的要求下需要不断改进和提高,将Min-CEX评估应用于带教教师和学生的双向评估中。教师对学生进行分项评估的同时,学生也对所有带教教师进行教学评估,评分后在小组内讨论点评交流反馈。通过Mini—CEX的应用,增加了学生在床旁教学中的实践机会,加强了相互学习,并提高了学生在床旁教学中的学习整体观;在评教中Mini—CEX的应用改善了床旁教学课程的设置,强调了言传身教在医学教学中的应用。Mini—CEX的双向评估不但取得了较好的教学效果,还真正达到了教学相长。     

体育锻炼与疲劳关系的综述研究

通过文献综述法简要地总结了疲劳的概念、研究历史及现状,介绍了疲劳的机理研究,探讨了体育锻炼与疲劳的关系及疲劳的判断、消除等。研究结果表明：（1）目前,有关体育锻炼的生理疲劳的研究相当系统、全面;但体育锻炼的心理疲劳的研究相当薄弱、少见。（2）体育锻炼的心理疲劳并非生理疲劳的必然结果,而受个人心理因素以及个体周围环境的影响等等。（3）随着心理健康的日渐重要,未来有关心理疲劳的研究将倍受重视。     

Effects of acute aerobic exercise on multiple aspects of executive function in preadolescent children

ObjectiveThe current study assessed the effects of acute exercise on three core executive functions in preadolescents and controlled for the moderating role of age.DesignA true experimental design.MethodsThirty-four third-grade children and 53 fifth-grade preadolescents were randomly assigned into either an acute exercise group or a control group. The exercise protocol was designed for ecological validity and involved group jogging at moderate intensity for 30 min. Participants completed inhibition, working memory, and shifting-related executive function tasks prior to and following the treatment.ResultsAcute exercise facilitated performance in three executive function tasks in children in both grade groups; nevertheless, better performance was observed among the fifth graders in inhibition and working memory, but not in shifting, when compared with the third graders.ConclusionThese findings suggest that acute exercise benefited three primary aspects of executive function in general, regardless of the preadolescent age group, whereas the distinct components of executive function had different developmental trajectories.     

Effect of acute aerobic exercise on cognitive performance: Role of cardiovascular fitness

ObjectivesTo determine whether fitness and cognitive task type moderate the relationship between acute exercise and cognition.MethodsThirty-six healthy college-aged adults completed a maximal graded exercise test and were categorized as low, moderate, or high in cardiovascular fitness. Participants then performed the Stroop Test prior to and after an acute bout of cycling exercise that consisted of a 5-min warm-up, 20 min of exercise at moderate intensity (65% VO_2max), and a 5-min cool-down.ResultsIndividuals of all fitness levels improved in cognitive performance following exercise. With regards to fitness, while no differences were observed on the congruent condition as a function of fitness, high fit individuals showed the longest response time on the Stroop incongruent condition.ConclusionThe beneficial relationship between performance of an acute bout of exercise and cognitive performance were observed for both cognitive task types and for participants of all fitness levels. However, a curvilinear relationship was observed between fitness and cognitive task type performance such that participants who were moderately fit performed the best on the incongruent trials, implying that maintaining fitness at a moderate level is associated with better executive function.     

影响大学生身体活动参与心理因素研究

采用自编的《大学生身体活动心理影响因素调查问卷》和《国际身体活动问卷》对湖北省9所高校的395名大学生进行调查,采用验证性因子分析对不同锻炼行为理论模型对闲暇时间身体活动的影响进行比较得出,影响大学生闲暇时间身体活动水平的主要心理影响因素是行为习惯、目标态度、结果评价、情感体验、社会支持、自我认同、行为态度、行为意向这8个因素;并从性别、年级、专业、生源地以及学校类型几个方面对湖北省大学生身体活动心理因素进行了比较。     

From intentions via planning and behavior to physical exercise habits

ObjectivesIndividuals who enact a health behavior effortlessly with minimal conscious deliberation can be assumed to have formed a healthy habit. This can be reflected by increases in self-reported habit strength of a behavior. We examined whether physical exercise intentions facilitate changes in exercise habit strength by increasing the use of action planning and exercise.DesignTwo field studies investigated the effect of behavioral intentions on changes in habit strength through a sequential path from action planning to exercise.MethodExercise intentions, action planning, habit strength, and exercise were assessed at two measurement points in time in 231 university students (Study 1), and at four points in time in 134 rehabilitation patients (Study 2).ResultsIn multiple-step mediation models in both samples, there were indirect effects of intentions on habit strength through action planning and behavior.ConclusionAction planning and behavior operated as sequential mediators to bridge the gap between intentions and habit strength. Exercise habit strength may increase as a result of conscious action planning and frequent behavior enactment. Including these constructs jointly into behavior change models may improve the understanding of the mechanisms involved in behavior maintenance.     

Affective responses to 10-minute and 30-minute walks in sedentary,overweight women: Relationships with theory-based correlates of walking for exercise

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to examine affective responses to 10-min and 30-min walks among sedentary, overweight women. Secondary purposes were to: a) examine differences in theory-based correlates of future participation in walking for exercise; and b) determine if the affective responses were related to these correlates.Design/MethodsTwenty-three sedentary, overweight women (M age = 26.62 years; BMI = 33.53 kg/m²) completed 10-min walk, 30-min walk, and quiet rest (QR) control conditions. Affective responses were assessed prior to, during, and following each condition. Self-efficacy and intention for regular participation in multiple 10-min walks or single 30-min walks for exercise during the next month were also assessed post-exercise.Results/ConclusionsAnalyses revealed that improvements in affective responses (p < 0.05) emerged during and following both walking sessions while no benefits were observed with QR. Self-efficacy (p < 0.01) and intention (p < 0.01) to walk for exercise in the future were significantly higher for multiple 10-min walks. Correlation analyses demonstrated that affective responses were most strongly and consistently correlated with intention and self-efficacy for future participation following the 10-min walk. These findings demonstrate that, while both walks resulted in similar affective benefits, sedentary, overweight women reported greater intention and self-efficacy to participate in multiple brief walks for exercise in the future.