5～6岁不同数学能力水平儿童的执行功能差异研究

为了考察不同数学能力水平儿童的执行功能差异,根据331名学前儿童的数学能力得分选取了潜在数学学习困难儿童组、低分组、典型发展儿童组和数学优秀组等4个实验组。首先分析了各组儿童的执行功能差异特点,之后使用判别分析进一步探索了各执行功能子结构对儿童早期数学能力差异分组的贡献。结果表明:相对于典型发展儿童组,潜在数学学习困难儿童在执行功能的更新、抑制和转换方面普遍缺损;低分组儿童则仅表现出数字更新能力不足;数学优秀组在数字更新和有时间要求的认知转换方面比典型发展组有明显优势。进一步判别分析表明,对早期数学能力差异分组贡献最大的并非独立执行功能子结构,而是更新和转换的共同因素结构。     

食管癌早期诊断方法的哲学思考

食管癌早期诊断方法和技术,涵盖了医学科学、放射技术、光学及电子技术、计算机技术等相关高新技术学科。回顾食管癌早期诊断方法和技术的历史发展,不难看出,临床需求是引发技术创新的原动力,多学科交叉合作研究是加速新技术研制和推广的前题,新技术的开发应用必须以临床和基础研究为基础。科学技术进步推动了医学发展,早期诊断方法和技术的不断发展和进步对降低食管癌发病率和死亡率起着重要作用。     

Children's spirituality with particular reference to a Norwegian context: some hermeneutical reflections

Spirituality has become an issue in many domains of the Norwegian society, but this is not reflected in public education. This paper discusses why this is so, and suggests some hermeneutical approaches to understanding spirituality that can include pre‐school children's spirituality, with particular reference to a Norwegian context. Central to this discussion is a case study of children in ‘sacred space’, and an understanding of spirituality as cultural learning. Education in schools as well as in kindergartens is dominated by a secular outlook on life as ‘default’, or a cultural and collective forgetfulness. Children's spirituality challenges adults to explore and rearticulate what is forgotten, in terms of nurturing what it is to be human, of caring for what is really important, and of cultivating hope – in Norway as well as in other countries.     

Predicting Response to an Internet-Delivered Parenting Program for Anxiety in Early Childhood

Previous research has identified factors related to outcome in child anxiety treatment and parent training programs for child behavior problems. However, it is unclear what factors predict outcomes in interventions delivered online to parents of young children at risk of anxiety. This study investigated predictors of child anxiety outcomes among 433 families with young children (3–6 years) who participated in a randomized controlled trial of Cool Little Kids Online, an eight-module early intervention program for child anxiety based on cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Potential predictors included baseline demographic factors, child and parent mental health factors, and indicators of program use, including number of online modules completed and frequency of homework practice. Results showed that only access to a printer moderated intervention effectiveness. Printer access predicted lower child anxiety in the Cool Little Kids Online group, but had no effect on outcomes in the wait-list group. In both groups, higher levels of child anxiety symptoms, child-inhibited temperament, and poorer parent mental health at baseline predicted higher levels of child anxiety symptoms at 6-month follow-up. The amount of online program use was not related to improvements in child anxiety symptoms. However, parents who reported practicing the program skills more frequently showed greater reductions in child anxiety, and access to a printer was related to frequency of program skills practice. These findings provide empirical support for the important role of skills practice in online CBT interventions, and suggest that practicing program skills may be more important than completing the online modules.     

Eucharistic priority in Hilary of Poitiers' trinitarian theology: a critique of contemporary approaches to divine–human communio

The notion of koinonia or communio is at the heart of contemporary ecclesiology, and trinitarian theology has become its necessary presupposition. This article argues that the way many contemporary theologians have envisaged this link between divine and human communion is deeply problematic. Hilary of Poitiers was the first theologian of communio, and he offers a bold critique of contemporary discussions. Hilary gives eucharistic priority to trinitarian theology, that is, there is a movement from Eucharist to Trinity in his thinking on the relation between divine and human communion. A retrieval of Hilary's eucharistic priority in trinitarian discourse can provide constructive avenues in trinitarian theology which avoid the anthropocentric tendencies of contemporary social doctrines of the Trinity and reject the misdiagnosed problem of trinitarian ‘relevance’ in current discussions. Such a retrieval recovers trinitarian doctrine as a practised, performed reality, lived out in human communio itself through the eucharistic life of the Church.     

血清唾液酸测定对新生儿及幼儿期细菌性肺炎临床意义的比较分析

为了探讨血清唾液酸（SA）测定在新生儿及幼儿细菌性肺炎的意义,我们测定了72例新生儿及98例幼儿细菌性肺炎患者血清SA水平。结果显示幼儿肺炎组SA水平在1天~3天内增加到（782.1±16.5）,与幼儿非肺炎对照组（591.9±11.5）比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.001）。新生儿非肺炎组SA水平保持在（357.8±9.1）,明显低于幼儿对照组（P〈0.001）。而新生儿肺炎组在起病1天~3天内增加到（604.1±15.4）,明显高于新生儿非肺炎组（P〈0.001）,但与幼儿对照组没有差异。因此,血清SA水平在幼儿时期即已达到成人水平,而新生儿细菌性肺炎患者虽然SA在正常成人标准范围内,但明显高于非肺炎新生儿水平。     

儿童外部问题行为稳定性的研究

儿童早期外部问题行为对后期的学业、行为和同伴关系以及成人期的生活都有消极的影响。探讨外部问题行为的起源、影响因素和发展机制,对考察童年期外部问题行为是否可预测将来的问题、评估干预和预防措施的必要性和有效性,都是必不可少的。文章阐述了儿童外部问题行为稳定性的有关概念,介绍了外部问题行为的发展趋势、“童年期开始的”和“青春期开始的”外部问题行为的发展路径、行为遗传学研究成果以及影响外部问题行为稳定性的因素,并指出了这类研究对治疗和干预的意义     

癌症早期筛查与过度诊断

在癌症早期筛查工作中,由于肿瘤侵袭性、发病率及死亡率的不同,导致了过度诊断的发生。对目前常见癌种的早期筛查中过度诊断的现状及影响因素进行总结。结合最新研究进展,重点对肿瘤的生物学行为、分子生物学及细胞学特征对过度诊断的影响进行分析,探讨其中可能存在的分子生物学机制,并分析组学研究如基因组学、蛋白质组学等在早期筛查中可能起到的作用,从而提出避免癌症过度诊断的发生的方法,提高早期筛查的有效率。     

羽毛球运动重塑成年早期的大脑灰质和白质结构

以往研究发现,球类运动员视知觉脑区的结构不同于非运动员,但这些脑区结构的差异是训练经历引起还是天生结构不同所导致的,尚未可知。本研究拟采用纵向设计,以处于成年早期的成人非运动员为被试(23～27岁),随机分成实验组和对照组,实验组参加12周的羽毛球运动训练,对照组在此期间不进行任何有规律的运动训练,采集干预实验前后所有被试的结构像和弥散张量成像数据。结果发现,实验组训练后左下枕叶、颞中回、颞下回灰质体积增加,双侧内囊后肢、上放射冠各向异性分数(FA)增加,进一步分析发现, FA增加的原因是径向扩散系数(RD)下降。提示羽毛球运动可增加成人与视运动知觉有关脑区的灰质容量,增加纤维束的髓鞘厚度。