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81.
Tatsuya Nogami 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》2020,30(4):369-380
The present study was designed to shed light on the origin of disaster myths, such as panic, looting, crime, and psychological shock in postdisaster situations, by examining effects of secondhand information and the moderating effect of anxiety on such negative misconceptions. It was hypothesized that secondhand information on disaster behaviour, such as media reports and word‐of‐mouth rumours, and trait anxiety would increase the degrees to which people gave credit to four popular disaster myths. Also, trait anxiety was predicted to moderate the association between information sources and disaster myths. Questionnaire data obtained from 1,500 Japanese participants indicated that people relying on secondhand information gave more credit to all the four misconceptions than those relying on firsthand information such as direct disaster experience. However, trait anxiety was not found to significantly affect the degrees of the disaster myths. Furthermore, the moderating effect of trait anxiety on the association between the information sources and the disaster myths was not observed in any of the four myths. The present results imply that although reliance on secondhand information increases the degree of disaster myths to some extent, there should be other causes from which disaster myths originate. 相似文献
82.
Mice that are confined in a narrow cylinder readily bite inanimate targets. The following studies were conducted to determine the effects of tail shock on the target biting behavior of two strains of mice. During 20-min daily sessions, ten tail shocks were administered on a fixed-time 2-min schedule. One group of mice received a tone-conditioned stimulus (CS) which terminated with the onset of the shock, and a second group of mice did not. Target bites were collected in eight 15-sec bins over the 2-min trial and cumulated over the session. It was observed that tail shock was followed by an increase in target biting and that there was a comparatively high intershock interval biting rate. In addition, intershock interval biting was suppressed for the duration of the CS. These observations are discussed in terms of the utility of this paradigm for the psychopharmacological assessment of aggressive behavior. 相似文献
83.
84.
Anticipatory anxiety plays a major role in the etiology of panic disorder. Although anticipatory anxiety elicited by expectation of interoceptive cues is specifically relevant for panic patients, it has rarely been studied. Using a population analogue in high fear of such interoceptive arousal sensations (highly anxiety sensitive persons) we evaluated a new experimental paradigm to assess anticipatory anxiety during anticipation of interoceptive (somatic sensations evoked by hyperventilation) and exteroceptive (electric shock) threat. Symptom reports, autonomic arousal, and defensive response mobilization (startle eyeblink response) were monitored during threat and matched safe conditions in 26 highly anxiety sensitive persons and 22 controls. The anticipation of exteroceptive threat led to a defensive and autonomic mobilization as indexed by a potentiation of the startle response and an increase in skin conductance level in both experimental groups. During interoceptive threat, however, only highly anxiety sensitive persons but not the controls exhibited a startle response potentiation as well as autonomic activation. The anticipation of a hyperventilation procedure thus seems a valid paradigm to investigate anticipatory anxiety elicited by interoceptive cues in the clinical context. 相似文献
85.
This paper presents findings from an ethnographic study of the adjustment journey of international postgraduate students at a university in the South of England, which involved interviews and participant observation over a 12-month academic year. It was discovered that the initial stage of the sojourn1 was not characterised by feelings of excitement, as suggested by the U-curve model (and its successors): though such feelings were present, they were overwhelmed by negative symptoms more commonly associated with culture shock. The implications of these findings for support structures in higher education are discussed. 相似文献
86.
糖皮质激素替代治疗目前是全身性感染和感染性休克治疗的主要手段之一。尽管理论上存在着相对性肾上腺功能不足和糖皮质激素抵抗,但是其具体机制和诊断手段并未充分廓清;同时感染性休克小剂量激素替代治疗也未能被最新的临床研究证实。有鉴于此,有必要针对激素替代治疗对预后影响进行更深入的基础与临床研究。 相似文献
87.
D.M. Chang 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2013,93(10):648-655
An analytical model is established for the prediction of the thermal shock resistance of a ceramic plate with an embedded elliptical crack with ideal thermal insulation. The thermal stress intensity factors at the crack fronts are formulated by fitting the thermal stress to a polynomial form in an un-cracked plate. The thermal shock resistance of sapphire ceramic is evaluated as an example. In addition, the numerical solution of thermal shock resistance suitable for practical engineering applications is provided. The model developed applies to any brittle material in high temperature applications. 相似文献
88.
Christian Grillon Oliver J. Robinson Ambika Mathur Monique Ernst 《Cognition & emotion》2016,30(4):700-712
Anxiety has wide-reaching and complex effects on cognitive performance. Although it can intrude on cognition and interfere with performance, it can also facilitate information processing and behavioural responses. In a previous study, we showed that anxiety induced by threat of shock facilitates performance on the Sustained Attention to Response Task, a vigilance test, which probes response inhibition to infrequent nogo stimuli. The present study sought to identify factors that may have contributed to such improved performance, including on- and off-task thinking (assessed with thought probes) and individual differences in attention control, as measured with the Attention Control Scale. Replicating our prior finding, we showed that shock threat significantly reduced errors of commission on the nogo trials. However, we extended this finding in demonstrating that this effect was driven by subjects with low attention control. We therefore confirm that anxiety increases inhibitory control of prepotent responses—a mechanism which is adaptive under threat—and show that this effect is greater in those who rely more upon such prepotent responding, i.e., those with low attentional control. 相似文献
89.
Michael S. Fanselow Joseph P. Decola Beatrice M. De Oca Jesus Landeira-Fernandez 《Aggressive behavior》1995,21(1):63-77
Rats that receive nociceptive electric shock in an environment normally show the conditional fear-induced defensive response of freezing when returned to that environment. If several electric shocks are given in a massed manner they will condition less freezing than the same shocks given in a distributed manner. If a single shock is given immediately after placement in the chamber it does not support any conditioning, although the same shock given after a brief delay does. Electrolytic lesions of the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (PAG), which damaged dorsomedial, dorsolateral, and lateral PAG, enhanced freezing under these conditions. Lesions of the ventral PAG, which caused extensive damage to the central gray below the aqueduct, reduced conditioning under the more optimal parameters (distributed or delayed shock). This was taken to indicate that both of these regions support different modes of defensive behavior and that when activated, the dorsolateral PAG inbits conditional fear-induced defensive behavior. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
90.
P J Bersh 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2001,75(3):348-378
Dinsmoor (2001) rejects shock-frequency reduction as a reinforcer for avoidance behavior, and considers this to be an invalidation of so-called molar avoidance theory. This is a narrow view of operant avoidance theory, for which shock-frequency reduction is by no means the only reinforcer. 相似文献