动态面孔表情优势效应的心理机制及神经基础

动态面孔表情优势效应是指较静态面孔表情而言, 个体在识别动态的面孔表情时表现出较好的识别能力。动态面孔表情优势效应的心理机制主要涉及增强的构形加工、补偿角色和面孔模仿能力。此外, 该优势效应的神经网络则由核心的神经网络和扩展的神经网络组成, 前者主要负责早期的知觉编码和刺激的运动加工, 而后者与个体的面孔模仿能力、刺激的动态表征等有关。今后的研究应集中在完善延伸的神经网络、拓展其心理机制; 开展动态面孔表情优势效应的发展性研究; 考察面孔表情的刚性运动特征; 注重在虚拟现实环境下研究动态面孔表情的优势效应。     

Resolving defence mechanisms: A perspective based on dissipative structure theory

Theories and classifications of defence mechanisms are not unified. This study addresses the psychological system as a dissipative structure which exchanges information with the external and internal world. When using defence mechanisms, the cognitive‐affective schema of an individual could remain stable and ordered by excluding psychological entropy, obtaining psychological negentropy or by dissipating the energy of self‐presentation. From this perspective, defences can be classified into three basic types: isolation, compensation and self‐dissipation. However, not every kind of defence mechanisms can actually help the individual. Non‐adaptive defences are just functioning as an effective strategy in the short run but can be a harmful approach in the long run, while adaptive defences could instead help the individual as a long‐term mechanism. Thus, we would like to suggest that it is more useful for the individual to use more adaptive defence mechanisms and seek out social or interpersonal support when undergoing psychic difficulties. As this model of defences is theoretical at present, we therefore aim to support and enrich this viewpoint with empirical evidence.     

Cognitive Factors Affecting Freeze-like Behavior in Humans

Contemporary research on survival-related defensive behaviors has identified physiological markers of freeze/flight/fight. Our research focused on cognitive factors associated with freeze-like behavior in humans. Study 1 tested if an explicit decision to freeze is associated with the psychophysiological state of freezing. Heart rate deceleration occurred when participants chose to freeze. Study 2 varied the efficacy of freezing relative to other defense options and found “freeze” was responsive to variations in the perceived effectiveness of alternative actions. Study 3 tested if individual differences in motivational orientation affect preference for a “freeze” option when the efficacy of options is held constant. A trend in the predicted direction suggested that naturally occurring cognitions led loss-avoiders to select “freeze” more often than reward-seekers. In combination, our attention to the cognitive factors affecting freeze-like behavior in humans represents a preliminary step in addressing an important but neglected research area.     

The relationship between dynamic strain aging and serrated flow behaviour in magnesium alloy

The relationship between dynamic strain ageing (DSA) and serrated flow has been investigated via alternately switching strain rates at various temperatures in a Mg–3Nd–1Zn alloy. The results reveal that serrated flow is enhanced with decreasing strain rate and increasing temperature and tends to vanish, while the DSA continually intensifies as revealed by a higher flow stress even after the serration flow disappears. A mechanism is proposed, which could explain some abnormal deformation behaviour, such as a negative strain rate sensitivity and thermal hardening.     

产后抑郁的预测因素及神经生理机制

产后抑郁是产后时期出现的抑郁症状,对女性及其后代甚至家人都会造成严重的负面影响。产后抑郁稳定的预测因素是遗传基因、依恋风格、童年负性生活经历和激素水平的变化;涉及的脑区和神经网络集中在前额叶皮层、扣带回、杏仁核和海马等脑区及相应神经网络。未来应在探索综合的预测模型、男性伴侣的对照试验和基于大脑可塑性特征的干预模式等方面展开深入研究。     

情绪调节脑机制的研究现状与展望

随着脑成像等新技术的运用,关于情绪调节脑机制的研究有了很大进展。近期国外情绪调节脑机制的研究在理论模型上有了新发展;研究关注的情绪调节从有意情绪调节扩展到自动情绪调节;研究针对的情绪、情绪调节策略以及目标群体都有了进一步的扩展和深化;情绪调节脑机制的个体差异研究也有了新进展。本文试图对近期国外情绪调节脑机制研究的发展状况进行梳理,并展望未来研究方向,以期为国内研究提供参考。     

刻板印象的认知神经机制

刻板印象是大脑对社会信息的一种自动的类别化加工过程。近期脑成像的研究表明, 刻板印象的注意编码、语义表征以及抑制控制等认知成分可以分别通过相应的ERP成分表现出来; 而基于ERP源定位以及fMRI的研究表明, 杏仁核、前扣带回、大脑前额皮层以及外侧顶叶皮层附近的颞顶联结区可能参与到了它们的认知加工。最后结合已有的研究, 提出了刻板印象可能的认知通道, 并简要分析了当前研究的不足与今后的发展方向。     

错误加工的神经机制

错误加工在认知控制和行为监控中起着关键的作用。监控自己的认知和行为结果,觉察到应该的反应和实际的反应之间的差别（即错误）,纠正这种错误并防止再犯是错误加工的主要内容。错误反应或由代表反应错误等负性反馈刺激诱发的ERP相对于正确反应或由代表反应正确等正性反馈刺激诱发的ERP,表现出一个相对负走向的波形变化,称为错误相关负波（error-related negativity, ERN）和反馈相关负波（feedback-related negativity, FRN）,两者都定位于前扣回附近。错误加工神经机制的研究主要集中于前扣回与ERN、错误意识与错误加工、ERN与FRN的关系。对于前扣带回和ERN的功能意义的解释主要有错误检测理论、冲突监控理论、强化学习理论和预期违反假说。目前错误加工神经机制的研究在研究内容、研究方法和理论观点等方面还存在些问题,这些可能是未来进一步的研究方向     

产前母亲心理压力对儿童心理行为发展影响的研究述评

产前母亲心理压力对儿童心理行为发展有着重要的影响。大量的研究证据表明,产前母亲的心理应激,对后代的情感或认知发展会产生消极的影响,如容易出现注意力缺陷/活动过度、焦虑、语言迟缓等问题。这种影响的潜在机制之一是下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（HPA）轴的变化,另一个机制可能是,母亲压力或焦虑引起交感-肾上腺系统高度激活。关于产前母亲心理压力对儿童心理行为发展影响的研究,在方法学上存在一定的缺陷,也还有一些未明确的问题,如产前压力的敏感期、性别特异性效应等。未来这一领域应该开发更多的研究途径。已有的证据足以表明,应该积极开展关于预防、干预和支持性方案方面的研究,以减轻妊娠期的压力或焦虑及其对儿童发展的不利影响。     

Sanctioned social violence: A psychoanalytic view - Part I

This paper is the first of a series of two that present an effort to systematize the application of psychoanalytic theory of group processes to the outbreak of massive violence. It explores the origins and social amplification of primitive aggression by means of group psychology and mass psychology, and the combined influences of the regressive pull of ideologies, the personality features of social and political leadership, and the triggering impact of historical trauma and social crises. The paper describes a spectrum of narcissistic-paranoid mechanisms that provide a common matrix for the analysis of those aspects of social psychology that co-determine socially sanctioned violence.