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181.
Materialistic strivings have been implicated as a cause of unhappiness. Gratitude, on the other hand – both in its manifestations
as a chronic affective trait and as a more temporary emotional experience – may be a cause of happiness. In the present paper
we review the empirical research on the relationships among materialism, gratitude, and well-being. We present new correlational
data on the gratitude–materialism relationship and propose that gratitude may have the potential to reduce materialistic strivings
and consequently diminish the negative effects of materialistic strivings on psychological well-being. We conclude with some
recommendations for future research on the relationships among gratitude, materialism, and well-being. 相似文献
182.
Robert Biswas-Diener 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2006,7(3):293-310
Recently, psychologists have begun to shift their research attention to positive topics historically overlooked by the profession.
The study of character strengths is a major research interest of positive psychologists. A classification of 24 character
strengths, called the Values in Action (VIA) Classification, has recently been developed, and the current study evaluates
these character strengths across cultures. Among 123 members of the Kenyan Maasai, 71 Inughuit in Northern Greenland, and
519 University of Illinois students, we found high rates of agreement about the existence, desirability, and development of
these strengths of character. Despite these strong similarities, there were differences between and within cultures in terms
of gender, the perceived importance of specific strengths (such as modesty), and the existence of cultural institutions that
promote each strength. 相似文献
183.
184.
Factors that influence choice between qualitatively different reinforcers (e.g., a food item or a break from work) are important to consider when arranging treatments for problem behavior. Previous findings indicate that children who engage in problem behavior maintained by escape from demands may choose a food item over the functional reinforcer during treatment (DeLeon, Neidert, Anders, & Rodriguez-Catter, 2001; Lalli et al., 1999). However, a number of variables may influence choice between concurrently available forms of reinforcement. An analogue for treatment situations in which positive reinforcement for compliance is in direct competition with negative reinforcement for problem behavior was used in the current study to evaluate several variables that may influence choice. Participants were 5 children who had been diagnosed with developmental disabilities and who engaged in problem behavior maintained by escape from demands. In the first phase, the effects of task preference and schedule of reinforcement on choice between a 30-s break and a high-preference food item were evaluated. The food item was preferred over the break, regardless of the preference level of the task or the reinforcement schedule, for all but 1 participant. In the second phase, the quality of the break was manipulated by combining escape with toys, attention, or both. Only 1 participant showed preference for the enriched break. In the third phase, choice of a medium- or low-preference food item versus the enriched break was evaluated. Three of 4 participants showed preference for the break over the less preferred food item. Results extend previous research by identifying some of the conditions under which individuals who engage in escape-maintained behavior will prefer a food reinforcer over the functional one. 相似文献
185.
Nippak PM Mendelson J Muggenburg B Milgram NW 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2007,87(4):610-623
We examined the benefits of a broad spectrum antioxidant diet and enrichment comprised of physical exercise, environmental stimulants and cognitive testing, on spatial memory performance in beagle dogs. Both aged (N=48) and young (N=16) beagle dogs (Canus familiaris) were tested yearly on a three-component delayed non-match to position spatial task for three consecutive years. The results showed that young enriched animals acquired the task in fewer sessions, made fewer errors, responded slower and made fewer positional responses, compared to aged enriched animals. An analysis restricted to aged animals revealed that antioxidant administration and enrichment resulted in fewer errors, slower responses and decreased positional responses, particularly in Year 3. Finally, cohort differences emerged, which exemplify the significance of early environmental intervention. Aged dogs that were housed with other animals and exposed to an outdoor environment in early development displayed greater benefits from both interventions. These findings indicate that long-term dietary intervention and enrichment can buffer age-associated cognitive decline. 相似文献
186.
心理治疗中长期存在两种倾向:力图减少消极情绪、认为这样可以自动增加积极情绪。该文分析并总结了有关积极与消极情绪的关系及作用的实证研究和综述,主要得出三个结论:1)积极与消极情绪有三种关系:负相关、相互独立、部分重合,具体表现出哪种关系要视实际情况而定。2)过多的积极情绪对认知、行为、健康有消极作用。3)适当的消极情绪对认知、行为、健康有积极作用。因此,在进行心理治疗或研究时,应根据实际情况.明确对象并选择正确方法。 相似文献
187.
Despite the potential benefits of self-disclosure, individuals with lower self-esteem (LSEs) tend to avoid self-revelations. The present study investigated the role of self-esteem in predicting detrimental responses to the disclosure of a personal failure. We employed a novel experimental design where all participants experienced a lab-induced stressor (failure feedback on a competence test) and half were randomly assigned to disclose this information to their dating partner. In contrast to LSEs who concealed the personal failure, LSEs who disclosed the failure reported several negative consequences that may further contribute to relationship-based distress. However, individuals higher in self-esteem (HSEs) benefitted from disclosing the personal failure in comparison to LSEs who disclosed and HSEs who concealed the failure. We discuss the consequences of disclosing personal failures to partners for HSEs and LSEs. 相似文献
188.
M.A. Mograss F. Guillem V. Brazzini-Poisson R. Godbout 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2009,91(4):343-352
This study examined the memorization of information after a night of normal sleep and total sleep deprivation (TSD) by means of event-related potentials (ERPs). We expected a disfacilitatory effect of TSD on memory processing. Eighteen subjects were tested twice in a counterbalanced fashion. During the study session, subjects were presented with unfamiliar face stimuli and asked to memorize them for a subsequent memory test. At the test session, the subjects were presented with the studied faces intermixed with “new” faces and asked to indicate the previously presented stimuli. The N100 was used as a covariate to control for the differences in level of vigilance between the two sessions. Sleep deprivation decreased subjects’ ability to discriminate new from previously studied stimuli and decreased the peak amplitude of the early component (N200) to the decrement of performance. In addition, following TSD the amplitude of the late frontal component (LFC), which is thought to reflect contextual processing, was decreased in covariance with the N100 vigilance component. The amplitude of the late posterior component (LPC/P600) was also reduced but was unrelated to the vigilance component of the ERP. Based on prior studies, this LPC reduction can be interpreted to indicate a decrease in information retrieved after TSD. In summary, a night of TSD decreased the amplitude of the ERPs associated with complex episodic memory task stimuli, affected the frontal cortex during episodic retrieval, and prevented the elaboration process. Furthermore, there was an inability to discriminate what is and what is not in memory, possibly due to less local processing of details. 相似文献
189.
Lian Xinda 《Dao》2009,8(3):233-254
The image of the Peng bird, which opens the Zhuangzi text, is not the product of metaphysical reasoning. An inspiring example of soaring up and going beyond, the image is used
to broaden the outlook of the small mind; its function is thus more therapeutic than instructional. With its rich poetic and
experiential content, the image of the Peng refuses to be reduced to an abstract concept, or a mere signifier of certain philosophical
position. Misreading of the image results from any attempt to accurately “size up” its philosophical implication by measuring
it quantitatively against a spectrum of positions and values. To see only the superficial “inconsistencies” in Zhuangzi’s
argument and to read the wind under the Peng’s wings as a handicap that it needs to overcome in order to embark on its “free
and easy wandering” is, in the name of logic and “consistency,” to ignore the big picture Zhuangzi presents. 相似文献
190.
Todd B. Kashdan 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2007,8(3):303-310
There is converging evidence from several psychological fields on the ways in which individuals engage in specific strategies
to modify, alter, or accept their emotional experiences to obtain more desirable outcomes. The current Special Issue is dedicated
to a series of examinations on how these self-regulatory strategies can promote resilience, create and sustain positive moods
and intrinsic motivation, and aid in the repair of different negative emotions. The content of these articles are briefly
reviewed in the context of additional ideas for scientific advancements in understanding and developing positive health. 相似文献