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81.
82.
Jacobus Donders Brianne Elzinga David Kuipers Emily Helder John R. Crawford 《Child neuropsychology》2013,19(6):662-670
This study evaluated the degree to which an 8-subtest short form of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fourth Edition would yield acceptable estimates of the long-form Full-Scale IQ index while clarifying the underlying factor structure in a sample of 100 children and adolescents with traumatic brain injury. The short-form Full-Scale IQ had sufficient (i.e., at least two thirds) nonerror covariance with its full-length counterpart. In addition, a sufficient proportion (i.e., > 80%) of these short-form estimates fell within the 90% confidence interval of the respective full-length scores. Importantly, the elimination of 2 subtests, and in particular the Picture Concepts subtest, resulted in a factor structure where each remaining subtest was fairly specifically associated with its intended scale. It is concluded that this short form can be used clinically in children with traumatic brain injury without sacrificing reliability and with more straightforward interpretability at the level of the factor index scores. 相似文献
83.
Whereas a growing interest in the development of attentional flexibility (AF) and in perseverative behavior, being one marker of this component, exists in neuropsychological studies and in the domain of developmental psychopathology (e.g., PKU, infantile schizophrenia, autism and Parkinson's disease) (Pennington &; Ozonoff, 1996; Stahl &; Pry, 2002), only a few studies have concerned themselves with this subject in normal children. It is thus of interest to add more empirical data to the existing literature in this domain. Therefore, the aim of our study was to explore the development of AF and of perseverative errors in young preschool children with normal development, aged 1.5 to 6 years. Using set-shifting tasks of increasing difficulty level, three age groups were compared with respect to their AF skills.Results show a developmental factor underlying AF, with different levels of this form becoming more and more complex with age, ranging from a rudimentary visual form to a complex representational form of flexibility. Overall, few perseverative errors occurred and they decreased with age. Results are discussed from a developmental and neuropsychological perspective. 相似文献
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85.
《Child & family behavior therapy》2013,35(2):47-55
ABSTRACT In the past, self-choking behavior has been associated with individuals who were either developmentally disabled or experienced psychosis symptoms, and has usually been treated with aversive procedures. A time-series design using several different non-aversive behavioral procedures was used to analyze these treatment effects on an 11-year-old girl whose habit of self-choking interfered with normal functioning. Habit reversal procedures, which implement an incompatible response in place of the target behavior, did not, as first hypothesized, have a positive effect on self-choking behavior. However, attention from a male therapist as a positive reinforcer initially decreased the frequency of self-chokes and percent of time spent self-choking. Attention contingent on performance was not as effective on the child's behavior as attention administered noncontingently. Overall, the behavioral treatment approach applied here does not appear to reduce the target behavior in a clinically significant manner. Implications for future treatment approaches for this behavior are discussed. 相似文献
86.
近现代的中西医教育从课程内容和学位教育形式方面表现出完全不同的发展态势,主要原因是在中西医的学术内部.中医学理论属于哲学范畴,缺少自我更新的能力,只停留在形式上的表面进步.而西医学是以自然科学为基础,科技水平的进步也会带动其迅速发展.这就是当前中医教育面临的结症所在,需要中医人士潜心研究,为中医教育开辟新路. 相似文献
87.
通过对36名师范生进行问卷调查,考察师范生在教学反思过程中对教学能力的自我评价、他人评价和反射性评价之间的关系。结果发现,在对教学能力的评价中:(1)师范生的自我评价和反射性评价显著低于他人评价;(2)相对于具体他人,泛化他人评价和泛化反射性评价对个体自我评价的影响更大;(3)自我评价与他人评价存在中低相关,而与反射性评价存在中高相关;(4)反射性评价在他人评价和自我评价之间起着完全中介作用。本研究表明,师范生对教学能力的自我评价、他人评价和反射性评价并不完全一致,他人评价通过反射性评价间接影响个体的自我评价。 相似文献
88.
Brian D. Glass Magda Osman 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2017,24(1):62-79
Situations in which there are multiple changes occurring all at once and which demand complex decisions to be made are common throughout life, but little is known about how normal aging influences performance on these types of scenarios. To determine performance differences associated with normal aging, we test older and younger adults in a dynamic control task. The task involves the control of a single output variable over time via multiple and uncertain input controls. The Single Limited Input, Dynamic Exploratory Responses (SLIDER) computational model, is implemented to determine the behavioral characteristics associated with normal aging in a dynamic control task. Model-based analysis demonstrates a unique performance signature profile associated with normal aging. Specifically, older adults exhibit a positivity effect in which they are more influenced by positively valenced feedback, congruent with previous research, as well as enhanced exploratory behavior. 相似文献
89.
Dómhnall J. Jennings 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2017,70(9):1964-1972
An experiment with rats compared the ability of fixed and variable duration cues to produce blocking. Rats in group B (Blocking) were trained that both fixed- (F) and variable- (V) duration cues would be followed by food delivery. In a subsequent training stage F and V continued to be reinforced, but F was accompanied by X, and V by Y. In the test phase responding to X and Y was examined. Control group O (Overshadowing) received identical treatment, except that F and V were nonreinforced in the first training stage. In group B there was evidence for blocking, but only of X, which had been conditioned in compound with the fixed-duration F; there was no evidence for blocking of Y, which had been conditioned in compound with the variable-duration V. It is suggested that this result may occur because fixed cues reach a higher, more stable asymptote of associative strength than do their variable equivalents. 相似文献
90.
Andrea Kern 《Philosophical Psychology》2017,30(3):319-337
Current debates on collective intentionality focus on the cognitive capacities, attitudes, and mental states that enable individuals to take part in joint actions. It is typically assumed that collective intentionality is a capacity which is added to other, pre-existing, capacities of an individual and is exercised in cooperative activities like carrying a table or painting a house together. We call this the additive account because it portrays collective intentionality as a capacity that an individual possesses in addition to her capacity for individual intentionality. We offer an alternative view according to which the primary entity to which collective intentionality has to be ascribed is not the human individual, but a “form of life.” As a feature of a form of life, collective intentionality is something more than the specific capacity exercised by an individual when she cooperates with others. Collective intentionality transforms all the capacities of the bearers of this specific form of life. We thus call our proposal the transformative account of collective intentionality. 相似文献