自立人格与心身症状：特质-应激-症状相符中介模型的检验

自立人格是新近提出的一种新的心身症状的保护性人格因素。为了探索自立人格抵御心身症状的机制, 提出了特质-应激-症状相符中介模型。该模型涉及应激中介模型假设、特质-应激相符假设、特质-症状相符假设三个理论假设。使用青少年学生自立人格量表、青少年生活事件量表和症状自评量表3种问卷对674名有效被试进行了调查, 以检验该模型。结果发现：①应激调节模型不被支持, 自立人格特质是通过应激的中介作用来负向预测心身症状; ②人际自立对心身症状的负向预测能力明显大于个人自立, 人际自立对人际性和个人性症状均有独立的预测能力, 个人自立则对人际性症状没有独立的预测能力; ③个人自立对应激的预测能力大于人际自立, 个人自立对人际和个人应激均有独立的预测能力, 人际自立则对个人应激没有独立的预测能力; ④修正后的自立人格的特质-应激-症状相符中介模型能够获得支持。总之, 本研究的结果显示：人际自立主要通过人际应激的中介作用负向预测心身症状总分; 个人自立则通过应激(包括人际与个人应激)的中介作用负向预测个人性症状。     

延迟学习判断的效应机制

研究考察了延迟学习判断的记忆假说和元记忆假说。实验一通过插入预测试的方法, 消除即时学习判断与延迟学习判断在记忆方面的差异, 结果发现, 延迟学习判断的准确性显著高于插入预测试的即时学习判断的准确性, 说明延迟学习判断的确提高了元记忆水平; 实验二采用PRAM实验程序, 对元记忆假说的机制进行探讨, 结果发现, 加入干扰任务的即时学习判断排除短时记忆的程度远远低于延迟学习判断干扰, 说明学习判断的准确性与短时记忆干扰的排除程度有关, 短时记忆干扰越强, 学习判断的准确性 越低。     

西方婚姻沟通研究进展述评

目前西方婚姻研究领域的主流—— 婚姻沟通研究表现出三大进展：从个体研究视角转向互动视角; 从单一维度划分沟通类型转向功能性的划分; 从人格影响因素的探索转向权力结构的探索。该领域未来的研究趋势应集中在关注积极互动、扩展研究范式、探索调节或中介机制、探讨夫妻权力的不同层面以及重新评价人格因素的影响等方面。     

Risk behaviour and mental workload: Multimodal assessment techniques applied to motorbike riding simulation

We present data from an ongoing research project on the cognitive, emotional and neuropsychological basis of risk behaviour. The main aim of the project is to build a model of risk behaviour so that if we know certain cognitive, behavioural and emotional variables, we will be able to predict decisions made in the face of uncertainty and risk, with the final goal of designing programs for evaluating, preventing and controlling risk behaviour. The objective of the present study was to look for individual differences in hazard perception during a static riding simulation and their relationship with mental workload. We used a multidimensional methodology, including behavioural, subjective and physiological data. The behavioural measures were obtained in a static riding simulation during eight hazard situations. We evaluated whether eye activity measures correlated with cognitive workload and different types of risky behaviours. Eye movement parameters were measured using a video-based eye tracking system. We found that risk-prone individuals showed specific patterns of risky behaviours and that peak of saccadic velocity and subjective mental workload indexes were both reliable indicators of risk proneness. Mental workload was higher for participants showing attitudes to risk behaviours probably because of a lack of conscious awareness of specific cues indicating dangerous scenarios.     

产前母亲心理压力对儿童心理行为发展影响的研究述评

产前母亲心理压力对儿童心理行为发展有着重要的影响。大量的研究证据表明,产前母亲的心理应激,对后代的情感或认知发展会产生消极的影响,如容易出现注意力缺陷/活动过度、焦虑、语言迟缓等问题。这种影响的潜在机制之一是下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（HPA）轴的变化,另一个机制可能是,母亲压力或焦虑引起交感-肾上腺系统高度激活。关于产前母亲心理压力对儿童心理行为发展影响的研究,在方法学上存在一定的缺陷,也还有一些未明确的问题,如产前压力的敏感期、性别特异性效应等。未来这一领域应该开发更多的研究途径。已有的证据足以表明,应该积极开展关于预防、干预和支持性方案方面的研究,以减轻妊娠期的压力或焦虑及其对儿童发展的不利影响。     

Identification and integration of sensory modalities: Neural basis and relation to consciousness

A key question in studying consciousness is how neural operations in the brain can identify streams of sensory input as belonging to distinct modalities, which contributes to the representation of qualitatively different experiences. The basis for identification of modalities is proposed to be constituted by self-organized comparative operations across a network of unimodal and multimodal sensory areas. However, such network interactions alone cannot answer the question how sensory feature detectors collectively account for an integrated, yet phenomenally differentiated experiential content. This problem turns out to be different from, although related to, the binding problem. It is proposed that the neural correlate of an enriched, multimodal experience is constituted by the attractor state of a dynamic associative network. Within this network, unimodal and multimodal sensory maps continuously interact to influence each other’s attractor state, so that a feature change in one modality results in a fast re-coding of feature information in another modality. In this scheme, feature detection is coded by firing-rate, whereas firing phase codes relational aspects.     

EMPATHY AND THE EXTENDED MIND

I draw upon the conceptual resources of the extended mind thesis (EM) to analyze empathy and interpersonal understanding. Against the dominant mentalistic paradigm, I argue that empathy is fundamentally an extended bodily activity and that much of our social understanding happens outside of the head. First, I look at how the two dominant models of interpersonal understanding, theory theory and simulation theory, portray the cognitive link between folk psychology and empathy. Next, I challenge their internalist orthodoxy and offer an alternative "extended" characterization of empathy. In support of this characterization, I analyze some narratives of individuals with Moebius syndrome, a kind of expressive deficit resulting from bilateral facial paralysis. I conclude by discussing how a Zen Buddhist ethics of responsiveness is helpful for articulating the practical significance of an extended, body-based account of empathy.     

Super-latent inhibition of conditioned taste preference with a long retention interval

A long delay inserted between conditioning and test phases of a 3-stage Latent Inhibition (LI) procedure produces differential effects on LI depending on the delay context. Thus, enhanced LI has been obtained when the delay is spent in a context that is different from the remaining experimental contexts, but not when it is the same. The present paper examined the effect of delayed testing using a conditioned taste preference procedure. In Experiment 1, three groups received preexposure to either water, or almond, or citrus solutions. Subsequently, the animals were conditioned by pairing the almond and the citrus solutions with sucrose. In a two-bottle preference test conducted 1 day after conditioning, the preexposed flavored solutions were consumed less than the non-preexposed flavors (LI). Experiments 2 and 3 used the same basic procedure, but varied the retention interval duration (1 and 21 days) and the delay context, similar (Experiment 2) and different (Experiment 3) from that of the other stages of the experiments. LI was greater after the long than the short-retention interval when the context was different, thereby demonstrating super-LI. The results were explained by a time-induced context differentiation process.     

Does matter really matter? Computer simulations,experiments, and materiality

A number of recent discussions comparing computer simulation and traditional experimentation have focused on the significance of “materiality.” I challenge several claims emerging from this work and suggest that computer simulation studies are material experiments in a straightforward sense. After discussing some of the implications of this material status for the epistemology of computer simulation, I consider the extent to which materiality (in a particular sense) is important when it comes to making justified inferences about target systems on the basis of experimental results.     

The philosophy of simulation: hot new issues or same old stew?

Computer simulations are an exciting tool that plays important roles in many scientific disciplines. This has attracted the attention of a number of philosophers of science. The main tenor in this literature is that computer simulations not only constitute interesting and powerful new science, but that they also raise a host of new philosophical issues. The protagonists in this debate claim no less than that simulations call into question our philosophical understanding of scientific ontology, the epistemology and semantics of models and theories, and the relation between experimentation and theorising, and submit that simulations demand a fundamentally new philosophy of science in many respects. The aim of this paper is to critically evaluate these claims. Our conclusion will be sober. We argue that these claims are overblown and that simulations, far from demanding a new metaphysics, epistemology, semantics and methodology, raise few if any new philosophical problems. The philosophical problems that do come up in connection with simulations are not specific to simulations and most of them are variants of problems that have been discussed in other contexts before. An erratum to this article can be found at