Influence of maternal depression on children's brooding rumination: Moderation by CRHR1 TAT haplotype

There is growing evidence that brooding rumination plays a key role in the intergenerational transmission of major depressive disorder (MDD) and may be an endophenotype for depression risk. However, less is known about the mechanisms underlying this role. Therefore, the goal of the current study was to examine levels of brooding in children of mothers with a history of MDD (n = 129) compared to children of never depressed mothers (n = 126) and to determine whether the variation in a gene known to influence hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning—corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1) —would moderate the link between maternal MDD and children's levels of brooding. We predicted children of mothers with a history of MDD would exhibit higher levels of brooding than children of mothers with no lifetime depression history but that this link would be stronger among children carrying no copies of the protective CRHR1 TAT haplotype. Our results supported these hypotheses and suggest that the development of brooding among children of depressed mothers, particularly children without the protective CRHR1 haplotype, may serve as an important mechanism of risk for the intergenerational transmission of depression.     

Electron-phonon interactions in conducting polymers

The magnetic properties of conducting polymers are investigated within a one-dimensional periodic Anderson model in which effects stemming from electron–lattice intercations are explicitly included. The effective Hamiltonian derived via bosonization exhibits ferromagnetic ground state in the intermediate coupling regime. For these ferromagnetic polymers, the results show that phononic contributions have insignificant effect on ferromagnetism.     

Creep strengthening by lath boundaries in 9Cr ferritic heat-resistant steel

The interactions between dislocations and lath boundaries in Grade 91 steel were observed by an in situ transmission electron microscopy tensile test at 973 K. Dislocations glided slowly and bowed out in a martensite lath interior. The ends of the dislocation were connected to the lath boundaries. In a tempered specimen, the pinning stress caused by the lath boundary was estimated to be >70 MPa with a lath width of 0.4 μm. In crept specimens, lath coarsening reduced the pinning effect.     

Hydrogen-assisted damage in austenite/martensite dual-phase steel

For understanding the underlying hydrogen embrittlement mechanism in transformation-induced plasticity steels, the process of damage evolution in a model austenite/martensite dual-phase microstructure following hydrogenation was investigated through multi-scale electron channelling contrast imaging and in situ optical microscopy. Localized diffusible hydrogen in martensite causes cracking through two mechanisms: (1) interaction between {1?1?0}_M localized slip and {1?1?2}_M twin and (2) cracking of martensite–martensite grain interfaces. The former resulted in nanovoids along the {1?1?2}_M twin. The coalescence of the nanovoids generated plate-like microvoids. The latter caused shear localization on the specific plane where the crack along the martensite/martensite boundary exists, which led to additional martensite/martensite boundary cracking.     

Investigation of tensile deformation mechanisms at room temperature in a new Ni-based single crystal superalloy

The deformation microstructures of a new Ni-based single crystal superalloy, M 4706, have been characterized by transmission electron microscopy after interrupted tensile tests at room temperature. It is found that besides shearing of γ′ precipitates by strongly coupled dislocations, another unusual shearing process involving a single a/2 〈1?0?1〉 matrix dislocation as well as the formation of the isolated superlattice stacking fault and Shockley loop also operates actively during initial yielding. Based on experimental observations, occurrence of these different shearing processes is discussed.     

Comparing perception of signals in different modalities during the cycling task: A field study

Cyclists are considered to be amongst the most vulnerable road users and the number of cyclists involved in crashes is increasing. One possibility to improve bicycle safety is the implementation of assistance systems, for instance by providing the information needed to avoid critical situations. However, it is not known how and what kind of signals can reliably be transmitted to cyclists, in particular as warnings. This study has the objective to investigate which signal type dependent of the modality and the route type can be perceived during the cycling task. Therefore, we conducted a semi-naturalistic cycling study with 56 participants where a 10 km long, pre-defined route was individually cycled while 36 signals (visual, auditory and vibro-tactile) were transmitted. The participants signalled the perception of a signal by pressing a button. Response rates differed significantly between signal modalities. While auditory signals performed best closely followed by vibro-tactile signals, visual signals were frequently missed. The route type had an effect on the perception of the signals. The influence of the route segments with haptic interference was not expected to be this large on the perception of vibro-tactile signals. The obtained results indicate how and in which situations the different modalities are suited to transmit information to cyclists.     

经济态度和行为的代际传递现象及机制

经济态度和行为存在从父母向孩子的代际传递现象, 经济态度代际传递的研究内容较为广泛, 包括金钱态度、风险态度、互惠态度和消费态度, 经济行为代际传递的研究主要集中在消费行为、捐赠行为和储蓄行为三个方面。除了遗传路径, 其代际传递有两条社会化路径: 孩子对父母的观察学习和亲子互动, 其中亲子互动包含亲子沟通和财务教养两个层面, 亲子沟通强调语言层面的互动, 而财务教养强调行为层面的互动, 但是财务教养的研究仅停留在表面, 缺乏深入的剖析。未来需要加强中国文化和现实背景下的代际传递现象研究, 并深入探讨其机制。     

实践社区成员的自我效能感对知识传播过程和效果的影响

通过自编实践社区成员自我效能感问卷以及知识传播过程和效果问卷对宁夏、重庆两地200名企业实践社区成员进行测量,以研究自我效能感对知识传播过程及效果的影响。结果表明,问卷具有良好的信度和效度;自我效能感不同的实践社区成员在知识传播过程和效果方面存在显著的差异,可以利用自我效能感来预测实践社区知识传播的过程和效果。     

Intergenerational transmission of qualities of the parent–child relationship in the population-based Young Finns Study

We examined the intergenerational transmission of parent–child relationship qualities in a population-based Finnish sample of 1418 participants (G2) and their mothers (G1). At baseline, G1 (Mage = 38) reported qualities of the parent–child relationship in terms of emotional warmth and acceptance towards G2 (age range 3–18). After 28 years, G2 (Mage = 39) rated the qualities of the parent–child relationship regarding their own children using the same questionnaire. Emotional warmth and acceptance were transmitted across generations even after controlling for demographic and family characteristics in both generations. The transmission was stronger for emotional warmth than acceptance. For emotional warmth, intergenerational transmission was stronger for men than women. The findings provide evidence for the long-term transmission of parenting quality across generations.     

When culture fails: coping with cultural trauma

The research into the phenomenon of cultural trauma is growing as the effects of historical transformations are recognized and analysed. The concept of cultural trauma and the analytic concept of the cultural complex is a suitable theoretical approach for this research. The Lithuanian experience of cultural trauma after the historical shifts indicates the importance of the interplay between societal and individual factors in coping with trauma. Academic psychotraumatological studies carried out at Vilnius University indicate a stronger traumatic experience by people who are survivors of direct political repression and even intergenerational transmission of trauma, but this group also seems to demonstrate an intergenerational transmission of resilience. Paradoxically, from a long‐term perspective, the victims of direct repression seem to have suffered less than the people who accommodated to the regime, and this applies also to their offspring. Analysis in terms of overcoming cultural trauma indicates that society is gradually integrating historic traumatic experiences, although a healthy cultural identity has not yet been restored.