Development of Rigid Motion Perception in Response to Radially Expanding Optic Flow

A radially expanding flow with a linear positive speed gradient is perceived as a rigid object approaching the observer, whereas such a flow having no or a reduced speed gradient is perceived as a non‐rigid, two‐dimensionally deforming object (De Bruyn & Orban, 1990). We tested elementary school‐aged children (younger children, 6–9 years, and older children, 9–11 years) and adults (20–22 years) to examine the development of the perception of rigidity. The results suggest that the perception of rigidity in response to a radial flow pattern with a speed gradient is similar in older (but not younger) children and adults. The development of rigidity perception from a radial flow pattern may be related to the maturation of the dorsal and ventral visual pathways during the elementary school years. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

动画呈现速度对多媒体学习效果影响的眼动研究

多媒体学习过程中,动画学习材料的呈现速度是影响学习效果的一个重要因素。基于认知负荷理论,已有研究对动画速度是否影响多媒体学习中的注意转换和学习效果存在不一致的结论。研究采用闪电形成原理动画作为实验材料,操纵慢速、正常速度和快速三个速度水平,利用Eyelink 1000眼动仪记录学习过程中的眼睛注视,探讨多媒体学习中动画呈现速度对学习效果和注意转换的影响。结果发现,在记忆测验的成绩上,慢速水平的迁移测验成绩要好于正常速度和快速;慢速在注视次数、眼跳次数、任务相关区停留时间和进出兴趣区次数这些总体眼动指标上比其他两组显著要高,但是对相关指标按时间进行加权后发现,只在兴趣区停留时间上慢速和快速长于正常速度。结论认为多媒体学习过程中,动画呈现速度会影响学习的理解效果,但是对识记不产生影响;材料呈现速度影响知识深层次加工,它独立于学习者的注意转换。并且材料呈现速度对学习者眼动的影响是微弱的。     

Gestion d’une transition et impact sur l’état de santé du personnel

This article is about a case of successful introduction of a technological change in a police department. It presents the links observed between the approach used to manage the transition and the perception that end-users reported regarding their stress, their health condition, and their efficiency at work. End-users of the new system reported a high level of satisfaction towards the method used, with few problems related to their stress, their health condition, and their global efficiency. People who reported such problems also reported more problems integrating the change. Close guidance provided to workers at field level and active support to enhance a fast mastering of the new skills seem to have played a major role.     

APPLIED IMPLICATIONS OF REINFORCEMENT HISTORY EFFECTS

Although the influence of reinforcement history is a theoretical focus of behavior analysis, the specific behavioral effects of reinforcement history have received relatively little attention in applied research and practice. We examined the potential effects of reinforcement history by reviewing nonhuman, human operant, and applied research and interpreted the findings in relation to possible applied significance. The focus is on reinforcement history effects in the context of reinforcement schedules commonly used either to strengthen behavior (e.g., interval schedules) or commonly used to decrease behavior (e.g., extinction).     

Naming problems do not reflect a second independent core deficit in dyslexia: Double deficits explored

The double deficit hypothesis states that naming speed problems represent a second core deficit in dyslexia independent from a phonological deficit. The current study investigated the main assumptions of this hypothesis in a large sample of well-diagnosed dyslexics. The three main findings were that (a) naming speed was consistently related only to reading speed; (b) phonological processing speed and naming speed loaded on the same factor, and this factor contributed strongly to reading speed; and (c) although general processing speed was involved in speeded naming of visual items, it did not explain the relationship between naming speed and reading speed. The results do not provide support for the existence of a second independent core naming deficit in dyslexia and indicate that speeded naming tasks are mainly phonological processing speed tasks with an important addition: fast cross-modal matching of visual symbols and phonological codes.     

When simple things are meaningful: Working memory strength predicts children’s cognitive flexibility

People often perseverate, repeating outdated behaviors despite correctly answering questions about rules they should be following. Children who perseverate are slower to respond to such questions than children who successfully switch to new rules, even after controlling for age and processing speed. Thus, switchers may have stronger working memory strength than perseverators, with stronger rule representations supporting both flexible switching and faster responses to questions. Alternatively, better inhibitory abilities may support switchers’ faster responses by helping to resolve conflict. The current study tested these accounts using a new one-dimensional card sort. Even with all possible sources of conflict removed, switchers still responded faster than perseverators to questions about rules, supporting the graded working memory account.     

A longitudinal examination of the transition to symbolic communication in the second year of life

Between 10 and 24 months of age, children progress from communicating through conventional signals to communicating through symbols in a variety of situations. The present study investigates this transition analysing mother–child communication frames and the child's communicative acts, and tracing the developmental changes in both frames and communicative acts. Four children (2 girls, 2 boys) and their mothers were observed longitudinally and extensively, from 10 to 24 months of age, using a multiple case‐study method. Through the detailed investigation of these single cases, clear developmental rajectories were found, showing that conventional frames and representational gestures ‘bridge’ the transition from attentional to symbolic communication. There were significant differences between dyads and children in the developmental trajectories for several frames and communicative acts. The results not only confirm previous findings on the development of verbal and gestural communication, but provide new insights into the transition to symbolic communication in the second year of life, first because of the use of frame analysis and second because of a focus on individual trajectories in development. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the Ruins of Orthodox Marxism: Gender and Cultural Studies in Eastern Europe

This article reflects on the difficultrelationship between Gender Studies and socalled `Culturology' in post-Soviet academia.Both approaches deal with culture but the modesof analysis differ significantly. The articleargues that Western feminism and Gender Studiesas its academic output challenged the methodsand paradigm of cultural analysis inpost-Soviet academia which was and still isimplicitly based on Marxist-Leninist premisesof social research. The article then goes on toanalyse why Gender Studies as well as Feminismare often perceived as `imported products' forwhich reason their reception in post-Soviethumanities is rather problematic. Brieflyspeaking, the intellectual potential andmethodological grounds of Gender Studiesremain questionable for scholars in post-Sovietuniversities.     

Childhood and adolescent predictors of early adult career pathways

Individual and contextual factors in childhood and adolescence that were hypothesized to contribute to career pathways were examined in a prospective study. Four career pathway groups were distinguished in a sample of 202 at-risk men (23-24 years of age); namely, young men with long-term unemployment, short-term unemployment, full employment, or a college education. Measures of educational attainment, family and peer characteristics, and personal adjustment during childhood and adolescence were used to determine if they would predict early adult career pathways. Findings indicated that the long-term unemployed young men, overall, showed the poorest levels of educational attainment, family and peer characteristics, and personal adjustment during childhood and adolescence.The most important predictors of differing career pathways were educational attainment, arrests, and mental health problems. Implications of the findings for conceptualizing the school-to-work transition within an integrative framework are discussed.     

工作记忆和感觉运动速度在心算加工年老化过程中的作用

对心算加工年老化研究有助于阐明认知老化规律,然而有关心算老化的少量研究结果仍存在不一致甚至矛盾之处。导致这种不一致的原因十分复杂,表面上看,不同认知老化研究所采用的统计方法不尽相同导致了结果的歧异。例如,在心算的年老化研究中,有的研究结论基于群体的数据分析,如层级回归分析(hierarchical regres-sion analyses)或方差分析,如Sahhouse和Coon(1994);另有一些研究先对每一个体数据作线性回归分析,如此得到斜率和截距(分别表示心算的中枢加工时间和外周感觉运动时间),然后再行层级回归分析或方差分析,如Al-len等(1992,1997)。这两类统计分析所得的结果很不一致。从理论上看,只要所采用的统计方法是合理的,统计方法的不尽相同应不会导致矛盾。但在实际情况下,统计分析误差增加了结论不一致的可能性,从而增大了揭示心算老化复杂性规律的难度。事实上,心算活动的年龄差异可能来自于记忆、加工速度等不同认知资源的老化差异。为了深入探讨这一问题,我们进一步研究了工作记忆和感觉运动速度在心算加工年老化过程中的作用。被试共161人,20—79岁,身体健康,受教育年限12年以上,以10岁段划分为6个年龄组,组间文化程度基本匹配。被试任务包括：(1)连续减法心算,分别为1000—3、1000—7、1000—13及1000—17等4种,在排除了被试看屏幕和按键的感觉运动时间后得到心算所需的时间;(2)数字计算工作记忆,根据工作记忆对信息同时进行加工和储存的特点,要求被试计算完题后再回忆答案,以获得工作记忆广度指标;(3)“数字复制”(digit copying),以获得感觉运动速度指标。实验在386微机上进行。对所得数据分别进行了上述群体数据与个体数据分析。两种数据分析方法得到了相同的结果,一致表明,在控制工作记忆与感觉运动速度的年龄差异后,心算活动的年龄差异显著降低。而且,控制感觉运动速度的年龄差异后心算活动年龄差异的降低程度要大于控制工作记忆的年龄差异后心算活动年龄差异的降低程度。这说明,感觉运动速度在心算加工年老化过程中发挥了更大作用。但是,工作记忆与感觉运动速度二者的年龄差异并不能完全解释心算活动的年龄差异,表明心算加工的年老化存在其特殊性过程,不支持认知老化的普遍减慢假说(genenalized slowing hypotllesis)。