Accounting for job satisfaction: Examining the interplay of person and situation

In the present study, we investigate the interplay of personality traits (i.e., person) in frontline care staff in nursing homes and the way they relate to the residents (i.e., situation) to account for their job satisfaction. Participants completed a survey including Mini‐IPIP tapping the five‐factor model of personality, Individualized Care Inventory tapping four aspects of person‐centered care and job satisfaction. The results revealed that staff scoring high on neuroticism experienced less job satisfaction. This relationship was partly accounted for by resident autonomy, suggesting that part of the adverse influence of neuroticism on job satisfaction may be mitigated by organizations providing a supportive care environment. In contrast, staff scoring high on agreeableness experienced higher job satisfaction. This relationship was accounted for by another aspect of person‐centered care, that is, knowing the person. This suggests that agreeableness in a sense facilitated adjustment of acts of care toward the unique needs and preferences of residents and this partly explained why the more agreeable the staff was the more they felt satisfied at work. In sum, effects of personality traits on job satisfaction in care staff are partially mediated by the perception of working conditions and care policy and to the extent that a certain personality trait affects whether the staff have a positive or negative perception of the way they relate to the residents, they will experience, respectively, higher or a lower job satisfaction. This finding has implications for how to combine a focus on delivering person‐centered care with improving personal job satisfaction.     

Through babies’ eyes: Practical and theoretical considerations of using wearable technology to measure parent–infant behaviour from the mothers’ and infants’ view points

AimsTo explore the utility of first-person viewpoint cameras at home, for recording mother and infant behaviour, and for reducing problems associated with participant reactivity, which represent a fundamental bias in observational research.MethodsWe compared footage recording the same play interactions from a traditional third-person point of view (3rd PC) and using cameras worn on headbands (first-person cameras [1st PCs]) to record first-person points of view of mother and infant simultaneously. In addition, we left the dyads alone with the 1st PCs for a number of days to record natural mother–child behaviour at home. Fifteen mothers with infants (3–12 months of age) provided a total of 14 h of footage at home alone with the 1st PCs.ResultsCodings of maternal behaviour from footage of the same scenario captured from 1st PCs and 3rd PCs showed high concordance (kappa >0.8). Footage captured by the 1st PCs also showed strong inter-rater reliability (kappa = 0.9). Data from 1st PCs during sessions recorded alone at home captured more ‘negative’ maternal behaviours per min than observations using 1st PCs whilst a researcher was present (mean difference = 0.90 (95% CI 0.5–1.2, p < 0.001 representing 1.5 SDs).Conclusion1st PCs offer a number of practical advantages and can reliably record maternal and infant behaviour. This approach can also record a higher frequency of less socially desirable maternal behaviours. It is unclear whether this difference is due to lack of need of the presence of researcher or the increased duration of recordings. This finding is potentially important for research questions aiming to capture more ecologically valid behaviours and reduce demand characteristics.     

The implicit cognition of reciprocal exchange: automatic retrieval of positive and negative experiences with partners in a prisoner's dilemma game

Models of reciprocity imply that cheater detection is an important prerequisite for successful social exchange. Considering the fundamental role of memory in reciprocal exchange, these theories lead to the prediction that memory for cheaters should be preferentially enhanced. Here, we examine whether information of a partner's previous behaviour in an interaction is automatically retrieved when encountering the face of a partner who previously cheated or cooperated. In two studies, participants played a sequential prisoner's dilemma game with cheaters and cooperative partners. Alternating with the game blocks, participants were asked to classify the smiling or angry facial expressions of cooperators and cheaters. Both experiments revealed congruence effects, reflecting faster identification of the smiles of cooperators (Experiments 1 and 2) and faster identification of the angry facial expressions of cheaters (Experiment 2). Our study provides evidence for the automatic retrieval of the partner's behaviour in the game, regardless of whether partners cheated or cooperated, and thus provides further evidence against the cheater detection hypothesis.     

Brandom and the Second Person

Brandom is one of the main advocators of the idea that meaning is instituted within basic linguistic practices through mutual exchanges. The aim of this paper is to show that such framework cannot do the required job if the dynamics of mutual exchanges is understood in interpretational terms. After arguing that the interpretational framework does not work, the paper presents an alternative second-personal conversational model capable of meeting the challenge.     

Transgender Criminal Justice: Ethical and Constitutional Perspectives

People identifying as transgender or gender nonconforming (TGNC) face increased discrimination, harassment, and victimization compared to cisgender individuals (whose experienced gender matches their sex assigned at birth). Despite these increased discriminatory experiences, TGNC populations report hesitance to seek assistance from the criminal justice system due to concerns regarding revictimization and criminalization. TGNC individuals face an increased risk for interacting with the criminal justice system as a result of homelessness, socioeconomic status, and historical criminalization of their identities. Many TGNC individuals who experience incarceration report not only discrimination and verbal harassment but also physical and sexual abuse at the hands of criminal justice employees and other inmates. Thus, the incarceration experiences of TGNC individuals differ substantially from those of cisgender individuals. The negative implications of this differential are further exacerbated by a noteworthy lack of structured protocols regarding treatment of TGNC inmates. Existing policies violate the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The present article examines these arguments in relation to the American Psychological Association’s ethics code and relevant specialty guidelines and proposes ways that psychologists working with these institutions could apply their knowledge and skills to reduce human rights violations.     

《黄帝内经》阴阳二十五人分型的数学建模

目的:应用数学建模的方法探索<黄帝内经>阴阳二十五人分型的相应关系.方法:根据<黄帝内经>理论对阴阳(X1)、五行(X2)、五音(X3)和阴阳二十五人健康状态(Y)进行量化,通过SAS循环程序进行数据模拟,建立多元回归模型.结果:多元线性回归方程为Y=7452.24162+625 X1+25X2+0.09832X3.结论:方程揭示了阴阳、五行和五音与阴阳二十五人健康状态的理论关系,为进一步求证阴阳、五行、五音与健康的关系提供了一个数学模型.     

叙述方式、自我视角与自我发展

叙事取向的自我研究认为, 个体在叙述人生故事与回忆自传体记忆的过程中建构与发展自我。新近研究探讨了影响叙事的因素及其对于自我发展的意义, 相关结果显示, 一致性积极叙事、叙事模式、人格特质等与人生故事和自我发展程度存在一致性关系; 一系列实验结果也证明, 回忆自传体记忆时采用的不同视角和不同人称会对个体的情绪、行为和身体生理等产生影响。在此基础上, 研究者应用研究结论进行临床干预, 开展脑神经活动机制等基础研究工作。未来的工作是扩大叙事材料, 更深入探讨影响因素, 如叙事方式和自我视角的跨文化研究。     

基于面孔知觉的刻板印象激活两阶段模型

从个体建构研究视角出发, 考察了基于面孔知觉的刻板印象激活过程。实验一比较了性别分类判断、启动范式以及同时呈现范式下刻板印象匹配性判断三者所用反应时的差异, 结果发现, 后者显著地大于前二者, 且等于前二者之和; 面孔倒置呈现使同时呈现范式下刻板印象匹配判断的反应时和错误率显著增大, 但其对启动范式中刻板印象匹配判断的反应时和错误率没有影响。实验二基于同时呈现范式, 通过不同程度的面孔变形来操纵性别类别提取的难度, 更精确地探讨了基于面孔知觉的社会类别信息提取过程对刻板印象激活的影响, 结果表明, 随着从面孔中提取类别信息难度的增加, 刻板印象激活所用的反应时也逐渐增大。研究结果证实了研究者所提出的刻板印象激活两阶段模型, 即基于面孔知觉的社会类别提取阶段和刻板印象信息激活阶段, 证实社会类别激活和刻板印象信息激活是两个分离的过程, 以社会类别信息提取为目的的面孔知觉对刻板印象的激活有显著影响。     

不同文化程度者对艾滋病预防干预措施的认知研究

国务院于2006年2月12日公布了《艾滋病防治条例》,从法律上对预防艾滋病传播的干预措施予以确定。但社会公众对艾滋病预防干预措施的认知,特别是文化程度较低者的知晓率和认知态度还需通过宣传进一步加强,以利艾滋病预防干预措施更好实施,进一步防治艾滋病的传播。     

人的所有制与人权概念

人的所有制是被用来从总体上表明一个人类共同体内部各成员之间占有关系的一种社会制度或社会关系;人的所有制是人类社会最基本的经济制度,它是区别和划分人类历史上各种不同经济形态的根本标志,是一个比生产资料所有制更为重要和更为基本的社会所有制的存在形式;人权概念是一个先后为在相关人类共同体中分别建立和维持人的公民所有制、劳动力的公民所有制、公民所有制的劳动者人身所有制、人格的公民平等、人的个人所有制、劳动力的个人所有制、个人所有制的劳动者人身所有制、婚权的个人所有制和使包括所有成年女性在内的所有社会成年成员享有人格的人类平等、劳动力的部分社会所有制等社会制度而被提出来的哲学概念、法律概念和政治概念。