Predictive Validity of Person Matching at the Scale and Discriminant Analysis Levels

Validity comparisons (including hit rates, kappa coefficients, and chance expectancy rates) were made between person matching at the scale and discriminant analysis levels with 5,143 medical students who had taken an interest inventory and had entered their medical residencies. Person matching using the 30 discriminant analysis items demonstrated the greatest ability to assign test takers to the highest number of occupations at a rate greater than chance.     

Challenged Expectations: Mere Exposure Effects on Attitudes About Transgender People and Rights

Social categorization processes may be initiated by physical appearance, which have the potential to influence how people evaluate others. Categorizations ground what stereotypes and prejudices, if any, become activated. Gender is one of the first features people notice about others. Much less is known about individuals who may transgress gender expectations, including people who are transgender. Using an experiment, this study investigates whether the attitudes that people have about transgender people and rights are influenced by information and facial images. We hypothesize that mere exposure to transgender people, via information and images of faces, should be a source of prejudice reduction. We randomly provide participants with vignettes defining transgender and also randomize whether these vignettes come with facial images, varying the physical features of gendered individuals. We find our treatments have lower levels of discomfort and transphobia but have little effect on transgender rights attitudes. We further find that the impacts are stronger among Democrats than among Republicans. Our findings support the argument that people are in general unfamiliar with transgender people, and the mere exposure to outgroups can be a source of prejudice reduction.     

用安戈夫(Angoff)方法对网络成瘾的标准设定

本研究旨在探讨网络成瘾的界定问题。本文采用标准没定中最为广泛使用的安戈夫(angoff)方法对网络成瘾进行评定,并分析量表的信度和效度。结果表明：网络成瘾的界定分数为7,即受试者在量表的12个项目中,有7个做出肯定回答即被界定为网络成瘾。用Angoff方法产生的测验分界分数则有79．25％的受试者与外在效标划分一致。     

Finding the clues

Wu, Sheppard, and Mitchell (Br. J. Psychol., 2016; 107, 1–22) provide interesting data on the perception of empathy. Their focus on cue validity could usefully be expanded to look at what cues are used, whether they have multimodal properties, and how the perception of empathy relates to other first impressions.     

Estimating the population size of transgender women in San Francisco using multiple methods, 2013

Purpose: To estimate the number of adult transgender women (TGW) in San Francisco and to provide an example of how estimation can be conducted.

Methods: Using nine different services accessed by the TGW population, the service multiplier, integrated into a respondent-driven sampling (RDS) survey of TGW, was used to calculate nine estimates of the TGW population in San Francisco. Both the successive sampling method, also integrated into the RDS survey of TGW, and a population proportion from the literature each calculated an additional estimate of the TGW population. The median of all 11 estimates was calculated to present a single estimate of the TGW population in San Francisco.

Results: The median of estimates was 978 TGW in San Francisco (plausibility bounds 635 – 1,400). This estimate is consistent with known cases of HIV among TGW and surveys on the prevalence of infection in the TGW population.

Conclusion: Using multiple methods, we estimate the TGW population size to be 0.13% of the San Francisco population. Despite small numbers, TGW bear a disproportionate burden of HIV infection in San Francisco. TGW are a priority for HIV care and prevention services.     

I'm more driven now: Resilience and resistance among transgender and gender expansive youth and young adults experiencing homelessness

ABSTRACT

Background: Little is known about the resilience strategies of transgender and gender expansive youth and young adults (YYA) experiencing homelessness. In addition to difficulties accessing trans-affirming supports and services, transgender and gender expansive YYA must contend with structural constraints and oppressive messages about who they are and who they can become. Despite these challenges, transgender and gender expansive YYA experiencing homelessness are finding innovative ways to resist the multiple and overlapping institutionalized challenges they face.

Methods: This qualitative study examined the ways a group of transgender and gender expansive YYA demonstrate resilience and resist dominant narratives about what it means to be young, transgender and experiencing homelessness.

Results: Two primary themes were identified through which transgender and gender expansive YYA experiencing homelessness demonstrated resilience in the midst of structural constraints and oppressive narratives about who they are and who they can become: personal agency and future orientation. Participants exercised personal agency through self-definition and making their own choices. They oriented themselves to future possibilities through positive meaning-making and re-visioning the meaning of home. Participants engaged in these acts of resilience and resistance despite receiving negative messages about themselves.

Conclusions: Study findings illustrate the capacity of transgender and gender expansive YYA experiencing homelessness to reframe their challenges as positive experiences, integral to the people they have become or will be in the future. Findings point to the need to expand conceptualizations about people experiencing homelessness, and to utilize a strengths-based framework in practice and research.     

CAT中结合贝叶斯方法与序贯监测程序的题库质量监控技术

Zhang(2013)提出了序贯监测程序(SMP)用以检测CAT中的题目在作答过程中是否发生泄漏。然而,该方法会出现虚报且未关注在题目泄漏后,对能力估计精度产生的影响。本研究在SMP基础上引入个人拟合指标,提出SMP_PFI方法,拟在给定的置信度上核实被SMP标记的题目是否真正泄漏,并探查SMP_PFI方法对能力估计精度与被封存题目数量关系的影响。实验结果表明：新方法能够有效降低SMP单独运行时的一类错误。通过控制CPFI值能够平衡能力估计精度与被封存题目数量之间的关系。     

用安戈夫方法对网络成瘾与网络游戏成瘾的界定

旨在探讨网络成瘾与网络游戏成瘾的界定问题。采用标准设定中最为广泛使用的安戈夫方法对网络成瘾和网络游戏成瘾分别进行评定,最终得到的网络成瘾的界定量表,共有12个项目,界定分数为8,即受试者在12个项目中有8项作出肯定回答即被界定为网络成瘾;网络游戏成瘾的界定量表,共有10个项目,界定分数为7,即受试者在10个项目中有7项作出肯定回答即被界定为网络游戏成瘾。     

Asymptotic null distribution of person fit statistics with estimated person parameter

Person fit statistics are considered for dichotomous item response models. The asymptotic null distribution is derived for statistics which are linear in the item responses, and in which the ability parameter is replaced by an estimate. This allows the asymptotically correct standardization of linear person fit statistics with estimated ability parameter. The fact that the ability parameter is estimated usually decreases the asymptotic variance.I am indebted to Herbert Hoijtink and three anonymous referees for their comments on a previous version.