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541.
Although effector independence is predicted in a number of theoretical perspectives, it has received only moderate empirical support. The authors conducted 3 experiments to determine the extent to which simple motor sequences are effector independent. A measurement scheme that partitioned response errors into independent error measures attributable to the relative structure of the response and the force-time scaling of that structure was used in the analysis of the present experiments. The results indicated that the relative structure of the response could be effectively transferred from one limb to the contralateral limb (Experiment 1), to a different muscle group on the same limb (Experiment 2), and from a static to a dynamic version of the task (Experiment 3). The ability to scale force was effector dependent, however, and the force scaling was relatively ineffective when an unpracticed limb was used. Although participants (Ns = 20, 24, and 20, respectively, in Experiments 1, 2, and 3) were effective in transferring the movement structure from a static to a dynamic version of the task, they were not very effective in transferring from a dynamic to a static version of the task. The transfer difference appeared to be related to the information that was available to support performance of the dynamic version of the task, which was not available in producing the static version. 相似文献
542.
Research has attempted to address what characteristics benefit from transfer of learning; however, it is still unclear which characteristics are effector dependent or independent. Furthermore, it is not clear if intralimb transfer shows, similarly to interlimb transfer, an asymmetry of benefits between the upper limbs. The purpose of the current study is to examine if effector independence effects emerge, as observed in interlimb transfer studies, when transfer to new effector group within the same limb occurs, and whether the pattern of intralimb transfer benefits differ between the limbs. Our results suggest that a visuomotor task transfers within both limbs, even though the transfer benefits within the limbs seem to differ. This was supported by more transfer occurring in the dominant limb than the nondominant limb. Potential control mechanisms used for intralimb transfer are discussed. 相似文献
543.
Anna-Karin Olsson Anna-Lisa Thorén-Jönsson Lena Mårtensson 《Occupational Therapy in Mental Health》2013,29(1):42-59
Persons with Asperger Syndrome often seem to have difficulty performing everyday occupations. This study aimed to describe occupational therapists' experience concerning abilities to occupational performance among adults with Asperger Syndrome. Data were collected in interviews with eight occupational therapists and analyzed using a qualitative method. Results showed that clients with Asperger Syndrome often possess abilities but seem to have difficulties knowing when, where, and how they should use them. The ability to adapt behavior in accordance with cues from the environment was identified as the core category. Environment plays a major role in how these persons interact in different situations. 相似文献
544.
This study explores the effect of social norms in a military situation at the Royal Norwegian Air Force Academy. During the wintertime, standing on a wharf, officers were given the offer of jumping into the ocean or not. In the experiment (n?=?75), having an antijump norm induced by a confederate, the jump rate decreased from 76% to 51%. One implication of these findings is that the salience of one norm is a deciding factor when individuals have several conflicting norms. 相似文献
545.
C.R. Snyder David B. Feldman Julia D. Taylor Lisa L. Schroeder Virgil H. Adams III 《Applied and Preventive Psychology》2000,9(4):249-269
From its most famous tale, that of Pandora, hope was meant to prevent the emergence and reemergence of life difficulties. A new model defining hope as a combination of agentic pathways and goal-directed thinking is reviewed. Comparisons of the similarities of this theory to other existing theories are made. The beneficial roles of hope in primary (before the appearance of a problem) and secondary (after a problem has appeared) prevention are explored. Primary enhancement is introduced as involving those thoughts and actions that establish optimal functioning and satisfaction. Secondary enhancement is posited to describe those thoughts and actions that are undertaken over time so as to further functioning and satisfaction in order to reach peak levels. Using hope theory as a lens, these primary and secondary enhancement processes are described. The natural synergy between prevention and enhancement activities is discussed, along with the future priorities for using hope in prevention and enhancement efforts. 相似文献
546.
In two experiments participants received various training methods designed to relax constraints present in the Four-Tree problem (deBono, 1967), a difficult insight problem. Geometry misconceptions were corrected via direct instruction. Participants’ difficulty with developing three-dimensional representations was addressed via spontaneous analogical transfer (Experiment 1) or via cued analogical transfer (Experiment 2). We found that, while both training methods were effective, alleviating multiple constraints was more effective than the alleviation of single constraints via training programmes (c.f. Kershaw & Ohlsson, 2004). Providing single difficulty hints was ineffective in promoting solution. Implications for multiple paths to transfer (Nokes, 2009; Nokes & Ohlsson, 2005) and multiple constraints are discussed. 相似文献
547.
Robert D Nebes Edythe M Halligan 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(1):56-62
Patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) and normal young and older participants were asked to make decisions about the orthography, phonology and semantics of visually presented stimulus words. Whereas AD patients were slower than normals in making decisions, there was no evidence that they were any more impaired in making one type of decision than another. Specifically, they did not show a disproportionate slowing for decisions requiring access to word meaning. These results are not consistent with a degradation of semantic knowledge in AD, but rather suggest the presence of a relatively generalized slowing of information processing. 相似文献
548.
Russell A. Matthews Suzanne M. Booth Claire F. Taylor Tracy Martin 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2011,79(3):625-639
Within the work–family literature little is known about the work–family challenges and opportunities faced by families that have one or more children with autism spectrum disorder. However, it has been consistently demonstrated that parents of children with autism spectrum disorder are at a higher risk of experiencing a host of negative outcomes. Using a qualitative design, within grounded theory, the present study sheds light on the needs, experiences, and challenges that parents of children with autism spectrum disorder face and also offers insight into ways to expand the scope of work–family research in this area. The present research provides evidence of how the family domain can greatly impact experiences and decisions made in the work domain for families with special needs. The present research adds to the small but growing literature examining the interplay between home and work life for families with special needs and demonstrates that this is an important research domain in need of additional conceptual and empirical consideration. 相似文献
549.
Amy Adamczyk 《Journal for the scientific study of religion》2012,51(2):324-342
Research finds that religious youth, compared to less religious youth, are more likely to delay their sexual debut (sometimes until marriage). This study is one of the first to examine the influence of involvement in religion‐supported secular activities for shaping initiation into vaginal sex. Does involvement in religion‐sponsored secular programs produce any health‐related benefits for youth? Using two waves of data from the National Study of Youth and Religion this study finds that among teens who have engaged in some of the precursors to first sex, namely, sexual touching, involvement in religion‐sponsored secular activities is associated with lower odds of having first sex between W1 and W2. Conservative attitudes about sex outside of marriage explain, in part, the relationship. Conversely, network overlap, the number of friends who belong to a youth group, and pressure from friends and partners to have sex do not significantly mediate the relationship. 相似文献
550.
Toshio Yamagishi Hirofumi Hashimoto Karen S. Cook Toko Kiyonari Mizuho Shinada Nobuhiro Mifune Keigo Inukai Haruto Takagishi Yutaka Horita Yang Li 《Asian Journal of Social Psychology》2012,15(1):60-68
Japanese participants in Study 1 exhibited a self‐effacing tendency when no reason for their self‐evaluation was provided. However, they exhibited a self‐enhancing tendency when they were offered a monetary reward for the correct evaluation. In Study 2, Americans, especially American men, exhibited a self‐enhancing tendency whereas Japanese exhibited a self‐effacing tendency when no reason for making the evaluation was presented. This cultural difference disappeared when participants were provided with a monetary reward for correctly evaluating their performance level. These results support the view that the modesty observed in self‐evaluation among Japanese participants is a ‘default strategy’ to avoid offending others. 相似文献