Is self‐esteem a universal need? Evidence from The People's Republic of China

In a provocative article, Heine et al. concluded that self-esteem needs are less important in collectivistic, East Asian countries than in individualistic, Western ones. Their conclusion was based, in part, on evidence that: (i) self-esteem scores are less positively biased in Japan than in Western countries; and that (ii) low self-esteem is less predictive of psychological distress in Japan than in Western countries. The present research examined whether these cultural differences occur in another collectivistic culture: The People's Republic of China. Two meta-analyses were conducted. Study 1 found that, for young and old alike, self-esteem was positively biased, with most participants reporting high levels of self-esteem. Study 2 found that low self-esteem in China is associated with three indicators of psychological distress: depression, anxiety and low subjective well-being. These findings are consistent with results in Western samples and suggest that high self-esteem may indeed be a universal psychological imperative.     

不同自尊者对自我相关信息的记忆偏好

研究主要采用4(自尊类型)×2(词汇效价)混合设计,探讨了178名不同自尊水平或不同自尊类型大学生对自我相关信息的记忆偏好。结果发现:(1)高外显自尊者比低自尊者有更积极的记忆偏好,消极记忆偏好差异不显著;高内隐自尊者则比低自尊者有更弱的积极回忆偏好及更弱的消极回忆偏好。(2)就作为组内差异存在的记忆偏好而言,所有被试均有积极偏好;就作为组间差异存在的记忆偏好而言,脆弱的高自尊者有更强的积极偏好,但低自尊者也没有表现出明显的消极偏好。结果提示不同自尊者对自我相关信息有不同记忆偏好。     

心算应激与特质焦虑、应对风格的关系

选取38名大学生为被试,采用BIOPAC多导生理记录仪,探讨心算应激对不同人格特质和应对风格的大学生心率（HR）、心率变异性（HRV）及皮肤电反应（GSR）的影响。实验采取2（人格特质：特质焦虑、非特质焦虑）×2（应对风格：注重情绪的应对、注重问题的应对）×3（实验阶段：基线期、任务期、恢复期）的三因素混合设计,要求所有被试经历5分钟的基线期、10分钟的心算任务期和5分钟的恢复期。结果表明：（1）特质焦虑的个体和注重情绪应对的个体在心算应激后的短时间内难以恢复到基线期的生理水平;（2）特质焦虑且注重情绪应对的个体在HR、HF、LF/HF及GSR上表现出明显强的反应性和弱的恢复性;（3）非特质焦虑且注重问题应对的个体在HF和GSR上表现出明显弱的反应性,在LF/HF和GSR上表现出明显强的恢复性。     

自尊与自我服务偏好的关系述评

 传统研究认为,自尊与自我服务偏好正相关,高自尊者比低自尊者有更强的自我服务偏好。但越来越多的研究对此结论提出了挑战,这些研究主要涉及两个问题：（1）是否只有高自尊者才有自我服务偏好？（2）是否凡高自尊者就有自我服务偏好？文章最后指出未来研究应该对这两个问题进行更深入和更细致的研究比如何种自尊者才有自我服务偏好、自我服务偏好是否只是一种策略及其利弊等     

国外有关内隐自尊的研究

作为内隐社会认知领域的一部分,内隐自尊是指人们在对与自我相关或自我分离的客体进行评价时的一种态度表现,而这种态度无法通过内省的方式被识别。根据近几年的研究成果,Greenwald与 Banaji将内隐自尊概括为三种形式：实验控制条件下的内隐自尊,如角色扮演、单纯所有权现象及小群体效应;原生内隐自尊,例如社会交往中的相似-吸引现象、劝说中的认知反应、选择决策的扩散效应、姓名字母偏爱效应;二级内隐自尊,如自我积极性、内隐的合群与排斥及替代性自尊     

瑞文测验项目认知难度因素分析及LLTM拟合验证

该文在以认知和测量相结合为特征的新一代测验理论的指导下,针对项目刺激特征,对影响瑞文测验项目认知难度的因素进行了分析,提取出图块繁简度、整体布局、变化维度和题序等4个因素,然后应用线性逻辑潜在特质模型（LLTM）对这四个因素进行了拟合检验,结果证明提取出的四个因素是有效的。文章还进一步探讨了研究结果在智力测验中的应用。     

A Cross-Cultural and Developmental Analysis of Self-Esteem in Chinese and Western Children

In this review, we examine the construct of self-esteem from a cross-cultural perspective in Chinese and Western children and adolescents. We also explore the role of childrearing practices in the development of self-esteem in these different cultures. In doing so, we first review the concepts of emic (i.e., variations in patterns of behavior within a given culture) and etic research (i.e., variations in common patterns of behavior or activities across cultures). Then, we invoke Berry's notions of “imposed-etic” and “derived-etic” approaches (J. Berry, 1989) in understanding crucial cross-cultural differences that are evident in the literature. We pose basic questions such as: (1) What does self-esteem “look” like in Chinese children? (2) How do childrearing practices in China influence the development of self-esteem in children? And, (3) what are the limitations of cross-cultural research in understanding a phenomenon such as self-esteem? We suggest that self-esteem does not “mean” the same things across these collectivist and individualistic cultures. We conclude our discourse with specific recommendations for clinical theory, research, and practice.     

特质焦虑与青少年冒险行为的关系：基于双系统模型的机制探讨

为了考察特质焦虑与青少年冒险行为的关系并基于双系统模型探究其中的影响机制,本研究采用特质焦虑问卷、简版自我控制量表、感觉寻求量表和青少年多领域冒险行为问卷对1720名12～18岁的青少年进行问卷调查,共回收有效数据1549份。结果发现：（1）特质焦虑能正向预测青少年的冒险行为,自我控制在特质焦虑与冒险行为间的关系中起中介作用;（2）感觉寻求调节了该中介过程的后半路径,即个体的感觉寻求水平越高,自我控制对冒险行为的预测作用越大。     

Thinking about the past,present, and future: Time perspective and self-esteem in adolescents,young adults,middle-aged adults,and older adults

We examined time perspective and self-esteem in adolescents, young adults, middle-aged adults, and older adults. Time perspective was measured with scales that assess relative orientations and relationships among the past, present, and future. Age effects were examined with standard analytic strategies to determine categorical differences between age groups and with new statistical techniques designed to show continuous age patterns. Findings indicated that (1) thinking about the future was greatest for adolescents and young adults and lowest for middle-aged and older adults, and thinking about the present increased across ages; (2) fewer adolescents and middle-aged participants perceived that the time periods were interrelated compared to younger and older adults; and (3) across ages, a greater emphasis towards the past compared to other time periods was associated with lower self-esteem, whereas emphasizing the present and the future jointly was associated with higher self-esteem.