基于不同研究取向的应对问卷述评

随着社会的发展,人们现实和精神压力的增大,压力应对方式的研究日益受到广泛重视。研究者们依据不同的理论模型建构了各种应对问卷,此文总结了5种主要的应对研究取向,包括应对过程研究取向、应对特质研究取向、应对认知思维研究取向、应对能力研究取向以及特定情境应对研究取向等,并对相应的问卷做了一个整体的回顾,最后提出了应对研究发展的新方向以及对应对测量工具提出的新要求     

Well‐being and the accessibility of pleasant and unpleasant concepts

The trait–congruency hypothesis predicts that persons high in positive or negative trait affect more readily process pleasant or unpleasant stimuli, respectively. In two studies, participants were administered measures of personality and affect. Moreover, a yes/no lexical decision task with pleasant, unpleasant and neutral words was administered in Study 1, whereas a go/no‐go task was used in Study 2. Several methods to increase reliabilities of differences in reaction times are explored. Correlations of measures of personality and trait affect with decision times were mostly consistent with the trait–congruency hypothesis, particularly for decision times in the go/no‐go task that measured individual differences in valence‐specific decision times more reliably. The findings suggest that trait‐related concept accessibility is one source of trait congruity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

青少年学生的自立人格

经过5个步骤编制出了人格特质词的《大学生问卷》、《高中生问卷》、《初中生问卷》和《青少年学生问卷》,分别对大学生、高中生和初中生进行调查和探索性因素分析。结果发现：①《大学生问卷》显示的自立人格包括主动性、开放性、人际责任、积极性和独立性五个维度;②《高中生问卷》显示的自立人格包括人际开放与责任性、灵活与独立性、主动性和行为责任四个维度;③《初中生问卷》显示的自立人格包括主动与行为责任、开放性、人际责任、积极性、灵活与独立性五个维度;④《青少年学生问卷》显示的自立人格包括灵活与独立性、责任性、主动性、人际开放四个维度。最后,对自立人格构念的合理性、自立人格中“开放性”与“责任性”维度的特点、青少年学生自立人格结构的一致性程度以及本研究在探索自立人格结构方面的优劣等问题进行了讨论     

动词的延续性特征及瞬时时间副词对时间转换事件表征的影响

为考察语篇阅读中,汉语动词的延续性特征以及瞬时时间副词对时间转换事件表征的影响,采用探测-判断的语篇实时阅读技术分别进行了两个实验。实验1的结果表明,当描述转换前事件的动词是延续性动词时,短时转换句与瞬时转换句的阅读时间无显著差异;而当描述转换前事件的动词是短暂性动词时,短时转换句的阅读时间明显长于瞬时转换句的阅读时间。实验2的结果表明,当不在时间转换句前添加瞬时时间副词时,长时与短时转换句前探测词的再认时间存在显著差异;而当在时间转换句前添加瞬时时间副词时,长时与短时转换句前探测词的再认时间无显著差异。两个实验结果分别说明,动词的延续性特征和时间转换短句的结合影响了时间转换事件的表征,在长时转换句的前面添加瞬时时间副词缩短了长时转换事件的表征时间。     

Social inference and individual differences in aggression: Evidence for spontaneous judgments of hostility

This research examined the hypothesis that aggressive vs. nonaggressive individuals differ in their spontaneous trait inferences, i. e., inferences made without any conscious intention of inferring characteristics of an actor. We anticipated that spontaneous processing conditions would be more revealing of aggressive/nonaggressive differences than would conditions that prompt deliberate inference processes. We used a cued-recall paradigm. Aggressive and nonaggressive subjects were instructed to memorize sentences that were open to either hostile or nonhostile interpretations. Sentence recall was then cued by either hostile dispositional terms or by words that were linked semantically to the element of the sentences. Within the spontaneous inference condition, semantic cues prompted twice as much recall as hostile cues among nonaggressive subjects, whereas dispositional cues aided recall more than semantic cues among aggressive subjects. As predicted, within the delinerate inference conditions there were no aggressive/nonaggressive differences. The nature of spontaneous vs. deliberate inferential processes and the advantages of spontaneous inference paradigms for testing predictions about schema-based processing in aggression are discussed. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

对中学超常儿童的教育实验——北京八中首届超常实验班追踪研究

为期四年的超常儿童的教育实验,详细考察了超常儿童在特殊班级教育条件下的学习潜力、认知和个性发展及身体发育等情况。结果显示,这种教育形式既适应了超常儿童较大的学习潜力,促进了他们认知的进一步发展,激发了他们积极的个性特征,而且身体发育良好。从而证明,特殊班级的集体教育对中学阶段的超常儿童是一种有效的教育形式。     

特质目标定向与变革型领导

对72家企业的203名管理人员的特质目标定向与变革型领导的关系进行了研究,结果表明,我国企业管理人员的特质目标定向对下属知觉变革型领导具有极其显著的预测力,而三种特质目标定向中,具有学习目标定向可以有效地预测下属将管理者知觉为变革型领导,回避目标定向和证实目标定向则对下属知觉变革型领导无预测力。     

Outcome of aggression affects processing and can legitimise subsequent aggression: Influence of trait aggressiveness

The present study investigated differences in processing times between positive and negative outcomes to an aggressive reaction to provocation. The effects of outcome, sex, trait aggressiveness and current mood on subsequent subject‐generated material were also examined. Fifty subjects read stories line by line on a computer screen. Reading time for the key sentence describing a positive or negative outcome to an aggressive reaction to provocation was recorded and subjects wrote a continuing sentence to half the stories. Subjects took less time to process the negative outcome. The positive outcome resulted in more subject‐generated aggression than the negative outcome. There were few sex differences but men wrote more aggressive endings than women for the stories containing physical aggression. Trait aggressiveness was correlated with producing more aggressive content in the continuing sentence for both outcomes. Feeling peaceful was correlated with producing prosocial material to neutral stories. Subjects therefore expect a negative outcome to aggressive behaviour. Reading stories which present a positive outcome to aggression increases the accessibility of aggressive cognitions. Subjects high in trait aggressiveness are not inhibited by a negative outcome. Aggr. Behav. 30:284–297, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Did the instigator intend to provoke? A key moderator in the relation between trait aggression and aggressive behavior

The purpose of this study was to investigate the cross‐situational consistency of trait aggression in provoking situations where an instigator (1) clearly intended to provoke, (2) clearly intended not to provoke, or (3) where presence of intention was ambiguous. It was hypothesized that cross‐situational consistency would be substantial, and that trait aggression would have the greatest impact on aggressive behavior in ambiguous situations. Participants were 80 female and 38 male undergraduate students. They completed the Aggression Questionnaire [Buss and Perry, J Pers Soc Psychol, 1992, pp. 452], read a set of 24 vignettes depicting conflict situations and rated their perceived likelihood of becoming angry and aggressive in those situations. An overall cross‐situational consistency correlation coefficient of r=.47 was found. It was also found that trait aggression had a significantly greater effect on the likelihood of aggressive responses in the ambiguous and intentional situations than it did in the unintentional situations. These results are discussed in relation to trait activation and hostile attribution bias. Aggr. Behav. 30:409–424, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

不同焦虑类型的自我图式的实验研究

本文将焦虑大学生区分为三种类型,采用实验的方法研究焦虑大学生自我图式与正常大学生自我图式的差异,以及不同焦虑类型之间自我图式的差异,结果发现,焦虑大学生存在状态性的焦虑自我图式,状态焦虑大学生的自我图式也是状态性的,特质焦虑大学生不存在焦虑的自我图式