论如何培养中小学生的创新精神

本文分析了创新与创造的本质、层次和我国教育至今未培养出获诺贝尔奖的科学家的一部分原因,论述了中小学生创新与创造的定位、创新精神的含义以及如何培养中小学生创新精神的策略与措施。     

Inflammatory projective identification in fundamentalist religious and economic terrorism

Abstract

This paper contains the reflections and thoughts of the author, a psychoanalyst and consultant psychotherapist who through his work with violent patients at the Portman Clinic, and later as a specialist consultant with migrants, asylum seekers and political groups has developed some understanding of lone attackers and terrorist behaviour. He uses psychoanalytic theories such as inflammatory projective identification to understand how people can become inflamed through their experience of exploitation, economic and political hegemony, and loss of identity, so that they turn to violent evacuations into others. This violence toward the other is also reflected he says in western economic policy which has also been violent toward those who have been exploited through colonialism and more recently an unfettered market driven economy. This provides the drive to grievance and hate that can be so easily exploited by unscrupulous fundamentalist regimes.     

企业组织的学习结构

在理论综述的基础上,通过访谈、预试和大规模调查,对企业组织学习结构进行了实证研究。根据访谈和预试,初步确定组织学习问卷的项目。采用探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析,对来自全国不同地区43家企业的管理者和员工的调查数据进行了分析。结果表明,我国企业组织学习是一个6因素的结构模型：组织间学习、组织层学习、集体学习、个体学习、利用式学习、开发式学习;组织学习问卷具有一定的信效度。组织学习的作用和影响因素以及这三者之间的复杂作用机制还有待更为深入的研究     

Ethics in counselling research fieldwork

Research dealing with sensitive subjects, feelings and emotional wellbeing requires constant reflection and rebalancing in order to meet the needs of all the parties involved and to be ethical. This paper examines some of the issues involved in applying ethical guidance to the reality of fieldwork in a study of the personal and emotional support needs of women who have left an abusive relationship. It considers organisational ethics, the complexities of informed consent, the duty of care and the need for reciprocity, and argues that the key to ethical research lies in respect for the individual.     

Book Review: Managing Mental Health in the Community: Chaos and Containment

Abstract

The British Association of Counselling first introduced a Code of Ethics and Practice for Counsellors in 1984. It has subse-quendy been revised three times. The codes have to be sufficiently broad to be accepted by the membership of BAC, who come from a wide range of theoretical backgrounds. Inevitably this means that the codes do not satisfy everyone nor do they resolve all ethical dilemmas. This paper focuses on sections of the codes which are unsatisfactory, or inadequate for psychodynamic counsellors. It also looks at the influence of psychodynamic counsellors in changes to the clauses on sexual exploitation. Finally the absence of any mention of dual and multiple relationships is discussed.     

Exploitation in Older Adults: Personal Competence Correlates of Social Vulnerability

ABSTRACT

Clinical assessment of older people at heightened risk of financial exploitation (also termed social vulnerability) is a difficult task. There are a number of previously untested domains of personal competence which could influence social vulnerability in later life. In this study, intellectual, cognitive, and social-cognitive functioning was assessed in a combined sample of dementia patients (n = 31) and neurologically healthy individuals (n = 68) aged 50 years or over. Informants provided assessments of participants' social functioning, personality, and social vulnerability. In the combined sample, multiple regression analyses revealed significant relationships between each personal competence domain and (lower) social vulnerability, apart from personality which was non-significant. General cognitive functioning and, in particular, executive functioning showed significant overlap with social vulnerability after controlling for memory and age. Social measures were also important correlates of vulnerability, indicating that both neurocognitive and social cognitive deficits may contribute to financial exploitation in later life.     

Why do right-wing adherents engage in more animal exploitation and meat consumption?

Despite the well-documented implications of right-wing ideological dispositions for human intergroup relations, surprisingly little is understood about the implications for human–animal relations. We investigate why right-wing ideologies – social dominance orientation (SDO) and right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) – positively predict attitudes toward animal exploitation and meat consumption. Two survey studies conducted in heterogeneous community samples (Study 1, N = 260; Study 2, N = 489) demonstrated that right-wing ideologies predict greater acceptance of animal exploitation and more meat consumption through two explaining mechanisms: (a) perceived threat from non-exploitive ideologies to the dominant carnist ideology (for both SDO and RWA) and (b) belief in human superiority over animals (for SDO). These findings hold after controlling for hedonistic pleasure from eating meat. Right-wing adherents do not simply consume more animals because they enjoy the taste of meat, but because doing so supports dominance ideologies and resistance to cultural change. Psychological parallels between human intergroup relations and human–animal relations are considered.     

A Social Interpolation Model of Group Problem-Solving

How do people use information from others to solve complex problems? Prior work has addressed this question by placing people in social learning situations where the problems they were asked to solve required varying degrees of exploration. This past work uncovered important interactions between groups' connectivity and the problem's complexity: the advantage of less connected networks over more connected networks increased as exploration was increasingly required for optimally solving the problem at hand. We propose the Social Interpolation Model (SIM), an agent-based model to explore the cognitive mechanisms that can underlie exploratory behavior in groups. Through results from simulation experiments, we conclude that “exploration” may not be a single cognitive property, but rather the emergent result of three distinct behavioral and cognitive mechanisms, namely, (a) breadth of generalization, (b) quality of prior expectation, and (c) relative valuation of self-obtained information. We formalize these mechanisms in the SIM, and explore their effects on group dynamics and success at solving different kinds of problems. Our main finding is that broad generalization and high quality of prior expectation facilitate successful search in environments where exploration is important, and hinder successful search in environments where exploitation alone is sufficient.     

Exploitation and Remedial Duties

The concept of exploitation and potentially exploitative real‐world practices are the subject of increasing philosophical attention. However, while philosophers have extensively debated what exploitation is and what makes it wrong, they have said surprisingly little about what might be required to remediate it. By asking how the consequences of exploitation should be addressed, this article seeks to contribute to filling this gap. We raise two questions. First, what are the victims of exploitation owed by way of remediation? Second, who ought to remediate? Our answers to these questions are connected by the idea that exploitation cannot be fully remediated by redistributing the exploiter's gain in order to repair or compensate the victim's loss. This is because exploitation causes not only distributive but also relational harm. Therefore, redistributive measures are necessary but not sufficient for adequate remediation. Moreover, this relational focus highlights the fact that exploitative real‐world practices commonly involve agents other than the exploiter who stand to benefit from the exploitation. Insofar as these third parties are implicated in the distributive and relational harms caused by exploitation, there is, we argue, good reason to assign part of the burden of remediation to them.